India: Fahasamihafan'ny versiona
k Voafafa ny fanovana ny 119.160.2.129 (Dinika); voaverina amin'ny votoatiny teo aloha nataon'i NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh Marika: Révocation |
best Marika: Révoqué Hanova araka ny hitan'ny maso |
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Andalana faha-194: | Andalana faha-194: | ||
== Fiteny any India == |
== Fiteny any India == |
||
Ny [[fiteny any India]] dia maro dia maro sady ao amin' ny [[fianakaviam-piteny]] maro samihafa. Ny fanisana natao tamin' ny taona 2011 dia nahitana [[fiteny]] miisa 270, ka ny 122 dia fiteny lehibe (be mpampiasa). Ny lalàm-panorenana indiana dia manao ny 22 amin' ireo fiteny ireo ho fiteny ôfisialy. Ny 77 %n' ny vahoaka indiana dia miteny [[fiteny indô-ariana]] (ka ny be mpiteny indrindra dia ny [[Fiteny hindỳ|fiteny hindy]] izay fiteny nibeazan' ny olona miisa 422 tapitrisa, izany hoe 41 %n' ny mponina, sady fiteny ôfisialin' ny governemanta afovoany), ny 20 %n' ny mponina no miteny amin' ireo [[Fianakaviam-piteny dravidiana|fiteny dravidiana]]. Ny fianakaviam-piteny hafa hita ao India dia ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny aostrôaziatika|aostrôaziatika]], ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny sinô-tibetana|sinô-tibetana]] ary ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny tay-kaday|tai-kaday]]. Ny [[fiteny anglisy]] dia fiteny voalohany na faharoa safidin' ny 12 %n' ny mponina. |
Ny [[fiteny any India]] dia maro dia maro sady ao amin' ny [[fianakaviam-piteny]] maro samihafa. Ny fanisana natao tamin' ny taona 2011 dia nahitana [[fiteny]] miisa 270, ka ny 122 dia fiteny lehibe (be mpampiasa). Ny lalàm-panorenana indiana dia manao ny 22 amin' ireo fiteny ireo ho fiteny ôfisialy. Ny 77 %n' ny vahoaka indiana dia miteny [[fiteny indô-ariana]] (ka ny be mpiteny indrindra dia ny [[Fiteny hindỳ|fiteny hindy]] izay fiteny nibeazan' ny olona miisa 422 tapitrisa, izany hoe 41 %n' ny mponina, sady fiteny ôfisialin' ny governemanta afovoany), ny 20 %n' ny mponina no miteny amin' ireo [[Fianakaviam-piteny dravidiana|fiteny dravidiana]]. Ny fianakaviam-piteny hafa hita ao India dia ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny aostrôaziatika|aostrôaziatika]], ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny sinô-tibetana|sinô-tibetana]] ary ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny tay-kaday|tai-kaday]]. Ny [[fiteny anglisy]] dia fiteny voalohany na faharoa safidin' ny 12 %n' ny mponina. |
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Endrik'io pejy io tamin'ny 23 Febroary 2022 à 06:39
भारत गणराज्य ((hi)) | |||||
Bhārat Ganarājya hi | |||||
Republic of India en | |||||
Repoblikan' India ((mg)) | |||||
| |||||
Teny filamatra : सत्यमेव जयते (Satyamēva Jayatē) (avy amin'ny Sanskrity : Ny Marina ihany no izy) | |||||
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Teny ofisialy | fiteny hindi, fiteny anglisy, ary fiteny hafa miisa 21 1 | ||||
Renivohitra | New Delhi 28° 34' N, 77° 07' E | ||||
Tanàna ngeza indrindra | Mombay | ||||
Fitondrana sy governemanta - Filoham-pirenena - Praiminisitra |
Repoblika federaly Ram Nath Kovind Narendra Modi | ||||
Velarantany - Tontaliny - Rano (%) |
faha 7 3 287 590 km² 9,5 % | ||||
Isam-ponina - Tontaliny (2008) - hakitroka |
faha 2 1 147 995 898 mpo. 349 mpo./km² {{{1}}} | ||||
Anaran'ny mponina | Indianina | ||||
IDH (2006) | Mihakatra 0,611 (anelanelany) faha 126 | ||||
Sandam-bola | Ropia (INR )
| ||||
Faritr'ora | UTC + 5,30 | ||||
Hiram-pirenena | Jana-Gana-Mana | ||||
Valan-tsehatra internet | |||||
Antso an-tariby |
+91
|
I India dia firenena ao Azia Atsimo, i New Delhi no renivohiny ary i Bombay no tana-dehibe be mponina indrindra ao.
Ny anaram-pirenena hoe India dia avy amin' ny fiteny persana hoe Sindhu, anarana persana amin' ny fiteny sanskrity, ny renirano Indus. Ny anarana ôfisialy dia mampiasa ny teny Bharat (mpanjaka hindoa niaina taona taloha). Ny anarany fahatelo: Hindustan ("tanin' ny Hindoa" amin' ny fiteny persana), dia niasa tamin' ny taonan' ny Empira Môgôly, ilay teny Hindustan dia tsy ôfisialy intsony ankehitriny fa ampiasaina matetika rehefa miresaka an' i India.
I India no firenena be olona indrindra eo aorian' i Sina. Misy fiteny ôfisialy roapolo mahery eken' ny lalam-panorenan' i India. Ny tenim-pirenena dia ny fiteny hindy.
Mivelatra amin' ny halavana 7 000 km i India. Mizara sisintany amin' i Pakistàna izy any andrefana, sy i Sina, i Nepaly, i Botàna izy any avaratra. I Bangladesa sy i Mianmara any atsinanana. Eo amin' ny Ranomasimbe Indianina, tsy lavitry ny Repoblikan' i Maldiva (any atsimo-andrefana), i Seilàna (any atsimo-atsinanana). Mizara sisintany amin' i Afganistàna koa i India any avaratra-atsinanany.
Teo amin' ny tanin' i India no misy ny haifomba antitra indrindra eto an-tany. Misy fivavahana teraka teo amin' io kôntinenta io, toy ny bodisma, ny jainisma, ny hindoisma ary ny sikisma.
Mandritra ny taonjato roa, i India dia zanatany anglisy; izy no zanatany ngeza indrindra an' ny an' ny Britanika. Nahazo ny fahaleovantenany i India tamin' ny 1947. Tamin' io fotoana io, nisy ny tobim-barotra (kôntoara) frantsay sy pôrtogey tao India, naverina ho an' i India ireo kôntoira ireo taorian' ny fahazoany ny fahaleovantena.
Nihanivoatra be i India tamin' ny dimy ambin' ny folo taona farany teo, indrindra tamin' ny fanombohana ny fiovana demôgrafika nisy hatry ny 1991. Tamin' ny 22 Janoary 2007, niverina avy tany amin' ny habakabaka ny kapsily indianina tsy misy olona afaka 12 andro, izay nametraka marika siantifika sy teknika lehibe ho an' i India. Hatry ny taona 2008 anisan' ny hery ara-piharian-karena lehibe eto an-tany i India akaikin' i Sina, i Rosia ary i Brezily; ary i India no hery ara-piharian-karena fahavalo eto an-tany.
Tantara
Nipoitra tao India ireo fiteny klasika roa (fiteny sanskrity sy fiteny tamily) misy eto amin' izao tontolo izao. Efa nampiasaina mandritry ny telo arivo taona ireo fiteny roa ireo. Namorona finoana antsoina hoe hindoisma ilay firenena, finoana izay mbola arahan' ny maro amin' izareo amin' izao fotoana izao. Tamin' ny taona 300 tal. J.K., dia namorona ny empira sy ny Fiankohonana Maurya i Ashoka, izay nahavory ny ankamaroan' ny tanin' i Azia Atsimo ho anaty firenena iray. Tamin' ny taona 180 tal. J.K. dia voatafiky ny firenena maro samihafa i India na dia taty aoriana aza (100 – 1100), dia nipoitra ireo fiankohonana indianina hafa: izay ahitana ny Chalukya, ny Chola, ny Pallava ary ny Pandya.[1] Tamin' izany fotoana izany dia nalaza tamin' ny siansa, ny zavakanto ary ny asa soratra ny faritra atsimo ao India.
Maro ireo fiankohonana nanjaka tao India nandritry ny taona arivo. Anisan' ireo ny empira Mughal, Vijayanagara ary ny Maratha. Tamin' ny taona 1600 dia notafihan' ireo firenena eorôpeana i India, ary voazanaky ny Britanika tanteraka izy io nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1856 hatramin' ny taona 1947.
Taorian' ny 1947, i India dia nanana toe-karena sôsialista voalahatra. Anisan' ny firenena mpikambana nanorina ny hetsiky ny tsy mpanaraka ary ny Firenena mikambana i India. Niatrika ady maro izy io taorian' ny fahaleovantenany tamin' ny Fanjakana Mikambana, anisan' izany ny ady tamin' ny taona 1957-58, 1965, 1971 ary 1999 tamin' i Pakistàna ary ny adin' ny 1962 tamin' i Sina. Niady ihany koa izy io mba haka an' i Goa, izay seranana natsangan' ny Pôrtogey, ary tsy azon' i India raha tsy tamin' ny taona 1961. Nandà ny Pôrtogey ka voatery naka azy an-keriny ny Indianina. Nanao fanandramana nokleary ihany koa i India tamin' ny 1974 sy 1998, ary anisan' ireo firenena vitsy manana fitaovam-piadiana nokleary. Anisan' ireo toe-karena mitombo haingana indrindra eto an-tany ny toe-karen' i India nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1991.
Taona taloha
Andron'ny reforma
India islamo
India Eoropeana
Lalan'ny fahaleovantena
Fizarana manaintaina
Pôlitika
Jeôgrafia
An' i India ny ankabiazan' ny Zana-kôntinenta Indianina. Miraikitra amin' i Aostralia ilay zana-kôntintenta amin' ny resaka plaky: ny plaky Indô-Aostralianina. Mikasika kely ny tendrombohitra Himalaya ny avaratr' i India. Eo antsimon' i Himalaya dia misy saha tena mahavokatra indrindra any India: ny tany Indô-Ganjetìka no anaran' izy io. Any andrefana, misy ny tanimatin' i Thar. Any antsimo, dia misy lembalemba voafaritra any avarany amin' ny Gaty Andrefana sy any antsinanany amin' ny Gaty Antsinanana.
Fizaràn' ny faritany
Anarana | Renivohitra | Teny ofisialy | Velarantany (km²) | Isam-ponina (2001) | Natsangana tamin'ny |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andhra Pradesh | Hyderabad | Telogo | 276 754 | 76 210 007 | 1956 |
Arunachal Pradesh | Itanagar | Hindy | 83 578 | 1 097 968 | 1987 |
Assam | Dispur | Asamey | 78 438 | 26 655 528 | 1947 |
Bengala Andrefana | Kolkata | Bengaly | 88 752 | 80 176 197 | 1960 |
Bihar | Patna | Hindy | 94 163 | 82 998 509 | 1947 |
Chhattisgarh | Raipur | Hindy | 135 133 | 20 833 803 | 2000 |
Goa | Panaji | Kônkany | 3 702 | 1 347 668 | 1987 |
Gujarat | Gandhinagar | Gujarati | 196 024 | 50 671 017 | 1960 |
Haryana | Chandigarh | Hindy | 44 212 | 21 144 564 | 1966 |
Himachal Pradesh | Shimla | Hindy | 55 673 | 6 077 900 | 1971 |
Jammu-sy-Kasimira | Srinagar | Kasmiry, ordo | 222 236 | 10 143 700 | 1947 |
Jharkhand | Ranchi | Hindy | 79 714 | 26 945 829 | 2000 |
Karnataka | Bangalore | Kanada | 191 791 | 52 850 562 | 1956 |
Kerala | Trivandrum | Malaialama | 38 863 | 31 841 374 | 1956 |
Madhya Pradesh | Bhopal | Hindy | 308 000 | 60 348 023 | 1956 |
Maharashtra | Mumbai | Maraty | 308 000 | 96 878 627 | 1960 |
Manipur | Imphal | manipory | 22 356 | 2 166 788 | 1972 |
Meghalaya | Shillong | Garô, kasy, anglisy | 22 489 | 2 318 822 | 1972 |
Mizoram | Aizawl | Mizo, anglisy | 21 087 | 888 573 | 1987 |
Nagaland | Kohima | Anglisy | 16 527 | 1 990 036 | 1963 |
Orissa | Bhubaneswar | Ôria | 155 842 | 36 804 660 | 1949 |
Penjab | Chandigarh | Penjaby | 50 362 | 24 358 999 | 1956 |
Rajasthan | Jaipur | Hindy | 342 239 | 56 507 188 | 1956 |
Sikkim | Gangtok | Nepaley | 7 107 | 540 851 | 1975 |
Tamil Nadu | Chennai | Tamily | 130 058 | 62 405 679 | 1956 |
Tripura | Agartala | Bengaly | 10 477 | 3 199 203 | 1972 |
Uttarakhand | Dehradun | Hindy | 53 483 | 8 489 349 | 2000 |
Uttar Pradesh | Lucknow | Hindy | 236 286 | 166 197 921 | 1950 |
Fiteny any India
Ny fiteny any India dia maro dia maro sady ao amin' ny fianakaviam-piteny maro samihafa. Ny fanisana natao tamin' ny taona 2011 dia nahitana fiteny miisa 270, ka ny 122 dia fiteny lehibe (be mpampiasa). Ny lalàm-panorenana indiana dia manao ny 22 amin' ireo fiteny ireo ho fiteny ôfisialy. Ny 77 %n' ny vahoaka indiana dia miteny fiteny indô-ariana (ka ny be mpiteny indrindra dia ny fiteny hindy izay fiteny nibeazan' ny olona miisa 422 tapitrisa, izany hoe 41 %n' ny mponina, sady fiteny ôfisialin' ny governemanta afovoany), ny 20 %n' ny mponina no miteny amin' ireo fiteny dravidiana. Ny fianakaviam-piteny hafa hita ao India dia ny aostrôaziatika, ny sinô-tibetana ary ny tai-kaday. Ny fiteny anglisy dia fiteny voalohany na faharoa safidin' ny 12 %n' ny mponina.
Fiteny ao India ===== Ireo fiteny indô-ariana =
Ny fiteny indô-ariana dia sampana iray ao amin' ireo fiteny indô-iraniana, izay ao anatin' ny fianakaviam-piteny indô-eorôpeana. Ao Azia Atsimo no tena ahitana olona maro miteny azy ireo, isan' izany ny ao India.
Fiteny indô-ariana be mpiteny indrindra
Ny fiteny hindỳ dia tenim-pirenen' i India. Misy 480 tapitrisa eo ho eo ny isan' ny olona miteny azy, 360 tapitrisa amin' ireo no manana ny fiteny hindỳ ho tenin-dreny. Amin' ny tapany avaratra amin' i India no misy ny ankabeazan' ny mpiteny hindỳ. Ny fiteny ordò dia mitovitovy amin' ny fiteny hindy.
Ny fiteny bengaly dia fiteny tenenina indrindra any India atsinanana, nefa tenenina koa any Bangladesy, anisan' ny teny ôfisialin' i India, indrindra any amin' ny faritan' i Bengal Andrefana sy any Tripura.
Ny fiteny maraty dia fitenin' ny olona miisa 75 tapitrisa any ho any India, indrindra ao amin' ny fanjakan' i Maharashtra sy Goa. Ny fiteny maraty dia iray amin' ireo fiteny ôfisialy any India.
Fiteny indô-ariana hafa
Anisan' ireo fiteny indô-ariana be mpapiasa ao India koa ny fiteny gojaraty sy ny fiteny ôdià (na ôrià) ary ny fiteny penjaby. Ny fiteny gojaraty no fiten' ny tompontanin' i Gujarat, izay ampiasain' ny olona miisa 46 tapitrisa any India sy maneran-tany.
Ireo fiteny dravidiana
Ny fiteny dravidiana dia fianakaviam-piteny ahitana fiteny miisa 30 any ho any izay samy avy ao India avokoa, ka tenenina indrindra ao atsimon' i India. Ny tena be mpampiasa dia ny fiteny telogo, ny fiteny tamily, ny fiteny malaialama ary ny fiteny kanada.
Fiteny dravidiana be mpiteny indrindra
Ny fiteny telogo dia fiten' ny olona miisa 70 tapitrisa any ho any, tenenina indrindra any amin' ny faritra Andhra Pradesh, izay manao azy ho fiteny ôfisialy io. Fiteny ôfisialy ihany koa izy any amin' ny faritra Karnataka sy Maharashtra ary any Orissa.
Ny fiteny tamily dia fiteny ôfisialin' i Tamil Nadu sy ny tananan' i Pondichery ary Karîkâl.
Fiteny dravidiana hafa
Anisan' ny fiteny dravidiana be mpiteny koa ny fiteny kanada sy ny fiteny malaialama. Ny fiteny kanada dia fiteny any amin' ny tapany atsimon' i India, fiteny ôfisialin' i Karnataka, ampiasain' ny olona miisa 45 tapitrisa any ho any. Ny fiteny malaialama dia anisan' ny fiteny tenenina any amin' ny tapany atsimon' i India koa, fiteny ôfisialin' ny faritany mizakatenan' i Kerala, fiteny ôfisialy ao amin' ny faritan' i Lakshadweep sy any Pondicherry, fiteny ôfisialin' i India ihany koa, izay misy mpiteny miisa 35,9 tapitrisa any ho any.
Ireo fianakaviam-piteny sy vondrom-piteny hafa
Fiteny aostrôaziatika
Ny fiteny aostrôaziatika dia fianakaviam-piteny any Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana sy ao amin' ny faritra atsina any India. Heverina ho fitenin' ny tompon-tany ao Azia Atsimo Atsinanana sy any atsinana any India ireo fiteny ireo. Miisa 10 tapitrisa ny mpiteny aostrôaziatika any India, 6 tapitrisa ny mpiteny sinô-tibetàna, izany hoe 3 %n' ny mponina. Anisan' ny fiteny aostrôneziana ny fiteny kasy (khasi) sy ny fiteny monda (munda) ary ny fiteny santaly (santali). Anisan' ireo fiteny ao amin' ireo nosy Nicobar. Ankoatry ny fiteny kasy sy ny fiteny santaly dia fiteny tandindomin-doza ny fiteny aostrôaziatika ao India.
Fiteny sinô-tibetana
Ny fiteny sinô-tibetana dia fianakaviam-piteny any Azia Atsinanana sy Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana sy Azia Afovoany ary Azia Atsimo, izay misy mpiteny koa any India.
Fiteny tai-kaday
Ny fiteny tai-kaday dia fianakaviam-piteny tenenina ao amin' ny saikanosin' i Indôsina sy any amin' ny faritra atsimo ao Sina, izay misy mpiteny koa any India.
Fiteny andamaney
Ny fiteny any Andamàna dia vondrom-piteny ao amin' ny nosy Andamàna tenenin' ny tompon-tany andamaney. Misy vondrona roa ao amin' izany fianakaviam-piteny izany, dia ny fiteny andamaney lehibe sy ny fiteny andamaney avaratra.
Jereo koa
- Firenena ao Azia: Afganistàna - Arabia Saodita - Armenia - Azerbaijàna - Bangladesy - Bareina - Botàna - Broney - Emirata Arabo Mitambatra - Filipina - Iemena - India - Indônezia - Iràka - Iràna - Israely - Japàna - Jôrdania - Kambôdia - Katara - Kazakstàna - Kirgizistàna - Kôety - Kôrea Atsimo - Kôrea Avaratra - Laôsy - Libàna - Maldiva - Malezia - Mianmara - Môngôlia - Nepaly - Ômàna - Ozbekistàna - Pakistàna - Palestina (fanjakana) - Rosia - Sina - Singaporo - Siria - Srilanka - Tailandy - Taioàna - Tajikistàna - Torkia - Torkmenistàna - Vietnamy.
- Foko any India: Fananan'ny Kasimiry firazanana jiosy - Jiosin' i Malabar - Bene Israely -Bene Efraima - Knanaia - Bano Israily - Bney Menase -
- Kôntinenta eto an-tany
Topi-maso
- "India", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, retrieved 4 October 2011
- "Country Profile: India" (PDF), Library of Congress Country Studies (5th ed.), Library of Congress Federal Research Division, December 2004, retrieved 30 September 2011
- Heitzman, J.; Worden, R. L. (August 1996), India: A Country Study, Area Handbook Series, Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, ISBN 978-0-8444-0833-0
- India, International Monetary Fund, retrieved 14 October 2011
- Provisional Population Totals, Paper 1 – Census 2011, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, 2011
{{citation}}
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ignored (help) - "Constituent Assembly of India—Volume XII", Constituent Assembly of India: Debates, National Informatics Centre, Government of India, 24 January 1950, retrieved 17 July 2011
- There's No National Language in India: Gujarat High Court, The Times Of India, 6 January 2007, archived from the original on 2014-01-29, retrieved 17 July 2011
{{citation}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - "Table 1: Human Development Index and its Components" (PDF), Human Development Report 2011, United Nations, 2011
Etimôlôjia
- Hindustan, Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 17 July 2011
- Kaye, A. S. (1 September 1997), Phonologies of Asia and Africa, Eisenbrauns, ISBN 978-1-57506-019-4
- Kuiper, K., ed. (July 2010), Culture of India, Rosen Publishing Group, ISBN 978-1-61530-203-1
- Constitution of India (PDF), Ministry of Law and Justice, 29 July 2008, retrieved 3 March 2012,
Article 1(1): "India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States."
- "India", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, retrieved 17 July 2011
Tantara
- Asher, C. B.; Talbot, C (1 January 2008), India Before Europe (1st ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-51750-8
- Bose, S.; Jalal, A. (11 March 2011), Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77942-5
- Brown, J. M. (26 May 1994), Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy, The Short Oxford History of the Modern World (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-873113-9
- Copland, I. (8 October 2001), India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire (1st ed.), Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-38173-5
- Kulke, H.; Rothermund, D. (1 August 2004), A History of India, 4th, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-32920-0
- Ludden, D. (13 June 2002), India and South Asia: A Short History, One World, ISBN 978-1-85168-237-9
- Metcalf, B.; Metcalf, T. R. (9 October 2006), A Concise History of Modern India (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-68225-1
- Peers, D. M. (3 August 2006), India under Colonial Rule 1700–1885 (1st ed.), Pearson Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-31738-3
- Petraglia, Michael D.; Allchin, Bridget (2007), "Human evolution and culture change in the Indian subcontinent", in Michael Petraglia, Bridget Allchin (ed.), The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics, Springer, ISBN 978-1-4020-5562-1
- Possehl, G. (January 2003), The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2
- Robb, P. (2001), A History of India, London: Palgrave, ISBN 978-0-333-69129-8
- Sarkar, S. (1983), Modern India: 1885–1947, Delhi: Macmillan India, ISBN 978-0-333-90425-1
- Singh, U. (2009), A History of Ancient and Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Delhi: Longman, ISBN 978-81-317-1677-9
- Sripati, V. (1998), "Toward Fifty Years of Constitutionalism and Fundamental Rights in India: Looking Back to See Ahead (1950–2000)", American University International Law Review, 14 (2): 413–496
- Stein, B. (16 June 1998), A History of India (1st ed.), Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-631-20546-3
- Stein, B. (27 April 2010), Arnold, D. (ed.), A History of India (2nd ed.), Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6
- "Briefing Rooms: India", Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 17 December 2009
- Thapar, Romila (2003), Penguin history of early India: from the origins to A.D.1300, Penguin Books, retrieved 13 February 2012
- Witzel, Michael (2003), "Vedas and Upanișads", in Gavin D. Flood (ed.), The Blackwell companion to Hinduism, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-631-21535-6, retrieved 15 March 2012
- Wolpert, S. (25 December 2003), A New History of India (7th ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-516678-1
Jeografia
- Ali, J. R.; Aitchison, J. C. (2005), "Greater India", Earth-Science Reviews, 72 (3–4): 170–173, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005
- Chang, J. H. (1967), "The Indian Summer Monsoon", Geographical Review, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 373–396, doi:10.2307/212640
- Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendments Made in 1988 (PDF), Department of Environment and Forests, Government of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 1988, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-21, retrieved 25 July 2011
{{citation}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - Dikshit, K. R.; Schwartzberg, Joseph E., "India: Land", Encyclopædia Britannica, pp. 1–29
- Duff, D. (29 October 1993), Holmes Principles of Physical Geology (4th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7487-4381-0
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