Karàna

Ny Karàna dia ireo Indiana sy Pakistaney izay nifindra monina eto Madagasikara nanomboka tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-17. Mozilmana siita ny ankamaroan' izy ireo^[1]. Amin' ny heviny mifintina dia ireo Indiana eto Madagasikara ihany no lazaina fa Karàna, fa amin' ny heviny mivelatra kosa dia mahafaoka ny Indiana sy ny Pakistaney any India sy Pakistàna na any amin' ny firenena hafa koa ny teny hoe Karàna. Miisa eo amin' ny 25 000 eo ho eo ny Karàna eto Madagasikara araka ny antontanisan' ny Ministeran' ny Raharaham-bahiny indiana, manodidina ny taona 2000^[2]^[3]. Miisa 400 000 any ho any ny Karàna tsy manana zom-pirenena nanodidina ny taona 2020^[4]. Ny ankamaroan' ny Karàna tonga teto Madagasikara dia manaraka ny fivavahana silamo siita sady avy any Gujerat, faritra any amin' ny tapany avaratra-andrefaa amin' i India.

Fiforonan-teny

Ny teny hoe Karàna dia mety avy amin' ny teny hoe Kor'an, araka ny fendrenesana sy fanononan' ny Malagasy any ambanivohitra, ka niditra ao amin' ny fiteny andavanandro ankehitriny. Ny teny hoe Karàna koa dia mety avy amin' ny teny sanskrita hoe करण / karana ("mpanoratra" na "mpanao"), izay niavian' ny teny mitovitovy aminy ao amin' ny fiteny aty amin' ny Ranomasimbe Indiana sy ny fiteny any Azia Atsimo Atsinanana, toy ny teny arabo hoe كراني / karrāniyy, ny teny soahily hoe Karani, ny fiteny maley hoe Kerani na teny tagalôga hoe Kawani. Ireo teny rehetra ireo dia mety hidika hoe "mpiraki-draharaha", "mpitan-tsoratra", "solontena" na "mpiasa". na ny teny hindý hoe किरानी / Karânî (na Kirânî), izay ampiasaina ao India hanondroana ny mpitan-tsoratra manoratra amin' ny teny anglisy^[5].

Fiaviany

Ny ankamaroan' ny Karàna dia avy amin' ny faritra eo amin' ny sisin-tany iraisan' i India sy i Pakistàna (faritr' i Kutch sy ny faritr' i Kâthiâwar ao Gujarat, ary i Sindh). Tamin' ny fahatongavan' izy ireo dia tsy nisy ny fanavahana azy ireo satria noresahina tamin' izany ny hoe "Empira Britanikan' i India", izay nahafaoka an' i India sy Pakistàna izay lasa firenena samy nanana ny taniny sy ny fahaleovantenany taty aoriana. Na izany aza, saika avy amin' ny vondrom-piarahamonina miteny gojaraty avokoa izy ireo, ka midika fananana razambe tany am-boalohany voafetra ho an' ny fanjakana indianan' i Gujarat ankehitriny^[6]^[7].

Ny sasany amin' izy ireo dia tsy olom-pirenena malagasy (tsy mizaka ny zom-pirenena malagasy na dia efa nonina teto Madagasikara nandritra ny taonjato roa. Maro noho izany ireo mbola mizaka ny zom-pirenena frantsay satria tsy mizaka zom-pirenena hafa. Ny ankamaroan' ny Karànea izay tsy teratany malagasy na frantsay dia manana zom-pirenena indiana^[8]. Ny ampahany be amin' ny fianakaviambe karàna ihany koa dia tsy manana zom-pirenena, taorian' ny fahaleovantenan' i Madagasikara. Maromaro no nisafidy ny zom-pirenena pakistaney^[6].

Tantara

Tamin' ny taompolo 1780 dia nisy fianakaviambe indiana, nahitana mpivarotra niisa 200 any ho any, niforona tao Mahajanga, izay seranan-tsambo any amin' ny morontsiraka avaratra-andrefana amin' i Madagasikara, akaikin' ny helodranon' i Bombetoka, eo amin' ny vavan' ny reniranon' i Betsiboka. Tsy mazava ny momba ny tena satan' izy ireo; indraindray izy ireo milaza fa Malagasy mba tsy hiharan' ny lalàna mandrara ny fananana andevo na mandrara ny fanorenana trano vato, izay samy norarana tsy hataon' ny olom-pirenena britanika, ny botrin' izy ireo anefa mampiasa ny sainam-pirenena frantsay amin' ny fitaterana entam-barotra avy ao Afrika na mankao^[9].

Nahitana Idiana miisa 4 480 teto Madagasikara araka ny fanisam-bahoaka tamin' ny taona 1911, ka 21 %n' ny mponina vahiny izany sady laharana faharoa manarakaraka ny Frantsay^[10]. Noho ny famadihana ho fananam-pirenena ny fandraharahana orinasa tsy miankina tamin' ny taompolo 1970 dia maro ny Indiana voatery nandao an' i Madagasikara. Ny ankamaron' ireo izay nijanona kosa dia nanangana tsikelikely ny orinasany. Tamin' ny taona 2000 dia heverina ho misahana ny 50 hatramin' ny 60 %n' ny fiharian-karena eto Madagasikara izy ireo, ka matetika lasibatry ny mpanao fihetsiketsehana mandritra ny fotoana misy hotakotaka^[11].

Kolontsaina

Fiteny

Ny Karàna eto Madagasikara dia miteny gojaraty sy malagasy ary frantsay. Misy koa ireo miteny anglisy, tamily, hindy, ary miteny amin' ny fiteny hafa any India. Ny Karàna sasany manaraka ny fivavahana hindo, ny sasany manaraka ny silamo (sonita, siita, bôrà, nizarita).

Fivavahana

Ny ankamaroan' ny Karàna tonga teto Madagasikara dia manaraka ny fivavahana silamo siita^[1]. Ny Mozilmana kôja (ankehitriny miisa 20 000 any ho any raha atambatra ny eto Madagasikara sy La Réunion ary Maorisy) sy ny Ismaily ary ny Bôrà Daody no tonga voalohany, izay narakarahin' ny Hindo taty aoriana^[12].

Ny Karàna malaza eto Madagasikara

Indreto ny Karàna anisan' ny malaza eto Madagasikara:

i Ylias Akbaraly, mpandraharaha manan-karena indrindra eto Madagasikara;
i Amyne H. Ismail, mpandraharaha frantsay-malagasy, tale mpitantana ny orinasa malagasy Unima, manampahaizana manokana amin' ny fiompiana hazandrano.

Jereo koa

Ny foko eto Madagasikara: Antefasy - Antemoro - Antesaka - Antankarana - Antambahoaka - Antandroy - Antanosy - Bara - Beosy - Betsimisaraka - Betsileo - Bezanozano - Mahafaly - Makoa - Masikoro - Merina - Mikea - Sakalava - Sihanaka - Tanala - Tsimihety - Vezo - Zafimaniry - Zafisoro.

Ny vahoaka hafa eto Madagasikara: Sinoa eto Madagasikara - Vazaha eto Madagasikara - Karàna - Kômôriana eto Madagasikara

Boky azo anovozan-kevitra

A., Kathirasen (2001-07-31), "A vibrant minority: The Chinese and Indians, who make up a tiny minority in Madagascar, are doing very well for themselves", New Straits Times, Singapore
Martin, Frederick (1916), "Madagascar", The Statesman's Year-book: The Statesman's Year-book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1916, St. Martin's Press, pp. 905–908
Oliver, Samuel Pasfield (1885), The True Story of the French Dispute in Madagascar, Unwin
Sophie Blanchy, Karana et Banians : les communautés commerçantes d'origine indienne à Madagascar, L'Harmattan, 1995, 346 p. (ISBN 9782738426567)
Stratton, Arthur (1964), "The Chinese and the Indians", The Great Red Island: A Biography of Madagascar, Scribner, pp. 26–44, OCLC 1670237
Singhvi, L. M. (2000), "Other Countries of Africa", Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora (PDF), New Delhi: Ministry of External Affairs, pp. 89–109
Tamim Karimbhay, Année 2043 : Autopsie D'une Mémoire, Bookedition, 2009, 460 p. (ISBN 978-2-9533865-3-0)

Loharano

↑ ^1,0 et ^1,1 Philippe Pratx, « Les Zarabes (ou Z'arabes) Indo-Musulmans », indereunion.net (notsidihina tamin' ny 2 Marsa 2017) [tahiry]
↑ Singhvi, L. M. (2000), "Other Countries of Africa", Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora (pdf), p. 94
↑ A., Kathirasen (2001-07-31), "A vibrant minority: The Chinese and Indians, who make up a tiny minority in Madagascar, are doing very well for themselves", New Straits Times, Singapore [tahiry]
↑ Bertelsmann Stiftung (2020). Bertelsmann Stiftung's Transformation Index: 2020 Country Report — Madagascar (PDF) (Report). Gütersloh, Germany: Bertelsmann Stiftung, p. 6 (tahiry).
↑ Christelle Charrier, « Quelques éléments de connaissance sur la culture "karana" » Archived Martsa 3, 2017 at the Wayback Machine [tahiry], sur aefe-ien-madagascar.mg, AEFE–Réseau des écoles à programme français–Océan indien (nojerena tamin'ny 2 Marsa 2017)
↑ ^6,0 et ^6,1 Jean-Michel Hoerner et Patrick Rajoelina (dir.), « La minorité indienne à Madagascar », Madagascar Océan Indien, L'Harmattan,‎ 1990, p. 14-15 (ISBN 2-7384-0621-1)
↑ Sophie Blanchy, Karana et Banians : les communautés commerçantes d'origine indienne à Madagascar, L'Harmattan, 1995, p. 18
↑ Sophie Blanchy, Karana et Banians : les communautés commerçantes d'origine indienne à Madagascar, L'Harmattan, 1995, p. 258
↑ Oliver, Samuel Pasfield (1885), The True Story of the French Dispute in Madagascar, Unwin, pp. 115, 206
↑ Martin, Frederick (1916), "Madagascar", The Statesman's Year-book: The Statesman's Year-book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1916, p. 906
↑ Singhvi, L. M. (2000), "Other Countries of Africa", Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora, p. 106
↑ Singhvi, L. M. (2000), "Other Countries of Africa", Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora, p. 105

[:1-1] 1,0 et ^1,1 Philippe Pratx, « Les Zarabes (ou Z'arabes) Indo-Musulmans », indereunion.net (notsidihina tamin' ny 2 Marsa 2017) [tahiry]

[2] Singhvi, L. M. (2000), "Other Countries of Africa", Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora (pdf), p. 94

[3] A., Kathirasen (2001-07-31), "A vibrant minority: The Chinese and Indians, who make up a tiny minority in Madagascar, are doing very well for themselves", New Straits Times, Singapore [tahiry]

[4] Bertelsmann Stiftung (2020). Bertelsmann Stiftung's Transformation Index: 2020 Country Report — Madagascar (PDF) (Report). Gütersloh, Germany: Bertelsmann Stiftung, p. 6 (tahiry).

[5] Christelle Charrier, « Quelques éléments de connaissance sur la culture "karana" » Archived Martsa 3, 2017 at the Wayback Machine [tahiry], sur aefe-ien-madagascar.mg, AEFE–Réseau des écoles à programme français–Océan indien (nojerena tamin'ny 2 Marsa 2017)

[:0-6] 6,0 et ^6,1 Jean-Michel Hoerner et Patrick Rajoelina (dir.), « La minorité indienne à Madagascar », Madagascar Océan Indien, L'Harmattan,‎ 1990, p. 14-15 (ISBN 2-7384-0621-1)

[7] Sophie Blanchy, Karana et Banians : les communautés commerçantes d'origine indienne à Madagascar, L'Harmattan, 1995, p. 18

[8] Sophie Blanchy, Karana et Banians : les communautés commerçantes d'origine indienne à Madagascar, L'Harmattan, 1995, p. 258

[9] Oliver, Samuel Pasfield (1885), The True Story of the French Dispute in Madagascar, Unwin, pp. 115, 206

[10] Martin, Frederick (1916), "Madagascar", The Statesman's Year-book: The Statesman's Year-book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1916, p. 906

[11] Singhvi, L. M. (2000), "Other Countries of Africa", Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora, p. 106

[12] Singhvi, L. M. (2000), "Other Countries of Africa", Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora, p. 105

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