Kafe (zavamaniry)
Ny kafe dia zavamaniry isan-karazany, ao amin' ny fianakaviana Rubiacea, mamorona ny vondron-karazana Coffea. Mahatratra 80 hatramin' ny 130 ny karazan-kafe ka ny sasany tena hazo fa ny sasany indray hazobotry. Any amin' ny faritra manana toetanin-jana-pehintany aty Afrika sy any Azia no fiavian' ny kafe. Ny sasany amin' ireo karazana ireo dia ambolena hahazoana ny voany, izay amokarana zava-pisotro mitovy anarana aminy sady sotroina manerana izao tontolo izao. Karazana roa no tena ambolena, dia ny Coffea arabica sy ny Coffea canephora. Misy ihany ny maboly ilay karazana atao hoe Coffea liberica.
Karazana
[hanova | hanova ny fango]
Maro amin' ny karazana 130 ao amin' ny Coffea no mety amin' ny famokarana zava-pisotro, fa ny C. arabica no tena sarobidy indrindra. Ny karazana hafa — indrindra fa ny C. canephora (robusta) — dia ambolena amin' ny tany tsy mety amin' ny arabica. Ny robusta, izay mora vidy kokoa sy mora ambolena kokoa noho ny arabica, dia ampiasaina amin' ny famokarana zava-pisotro kafe vita eo noho eo. Ny fambolena C. stenophylla, izay manana tsiro tsara toy ny arabica tsara indrindra sy mifanaraka amin' ny mari-pana isan-taona ambony kokoa (25 °C fa tsy 19 °C), dia heverina ho fanolo azo atao ho setrin' ny fiovan' ny toetany.
Indreto ny karazana sasany notsongaina:
- Coffea abbayesii J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea affinis De Wild.
- Coffea alleizettii Dubard
- Coffea ambanjensis J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea ambongenis J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis
- Coffea andrambovatensis J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea ankaranensis J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis
- Coffea anthonyi Stoff. & F.Anthony
- Coffea arabica L.
- Coffea arenesiana J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea augagneurii Dubard
- Coffea bakossii Cheek & Bridson
- Coffea benghalensis B.Heyne ex Schult.
- Coffea bertrandii A.Chev.
- Coffea betamponensis Portères & J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea bissetiae A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
- Coffea boinensis A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
- Coffea boiviniana A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
- Coffea bonnieri Dubard
- Coffea brassii (J.-F.Leroy) A.P.Davis
- Coffea brevipes Hiern
- Coffea bridsoniae A.P.Davis & Mvungi
- Coffea buxifolia A.Chev.
- Coffea canephora Pierre ex A.Froehner
- Coffea carrissoi A.Chev.
- Coffea charrieriana Stoff. & F.Anthony
- Coffea cochinchinensis Pierre ex Pit.
- Coffea commersoniana (Baill.) A.Chev.
- Coffea congensis A.Froehner
- Coffea costatifructa Bridson
- Coffea coursiana J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea dactylifera Robbr. & Stoff.
- Coffea decaryana J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea dubardii Jum.
- Coffea ebracteolata (Hiern) Brenan
- Coffea eugenioides S.Moore
- Coffea fadenii Bridson
- Coffea farafanganensis J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea floresiana Boerl.
- Coffea fotsoana Stoff. & Sonké
- Coffea fragilis J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea fragrans Wall. ex Hook.f.
- Coffea gallienii Dubard
- Coffea grevei Drake ex A.Chev.
- Coffea heimii J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea heterocalyx Stoff.
- Coffea homollei J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea horsfieldiana Miq.
- Coffea humbertii J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea humblotiana Baill.
- Coffea humilis A.Chev.
- Coffea jumellei J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea kapakata (A.Chev.) Bridson
- Coffea kianjavatensis J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea kihansiensis A.P.Davis & Mvungi
- Coffea kimbozensis Bridson
- Coffea kivuensis Lebrun
- Coffea labatii A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
- Coffea lancifolia A.Chev.
- Coffea lebruniana Germ. & Kester
- Coffea leonimontana Stoff.
- Coffea leroyi A.P.Davis
- Coffea liaudii J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis
- Coffea liberica Hiern
- Coffea ligustroides S.Moore
- Coffea littoralis A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
- Coffea lulandoensis Bridson
- Coffea mabesae (Elmer) J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea macrocarpa A.Rich.
- Coffea madurensis Teijsm. & Binn. ex Koord.
- Coffea magnistipula Stoff. & Robbr.
- Coffea malabarica (Sivar., Biju & P.Mathew) A.P.Davis
- Coffea mangoroensis Portères
- Coffea mannii (Hook.f.) A.P.Davis
- Coffea manombensis A.P.Davis
- Coffea mapiana Sonké, Nguembou & A.P.Davis
- Coffea mauritiana Lam.
- Coffea mayombensis A.Chev.
- Coffea mcphersonii A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
- Coffea melanocarpa Welw. ex Hiern
- Coffea merguensis Ridl.
- Coffea millotii J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea minutiflora A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
- Coffea mogenetii Dubard
- Coffea mongensis Bridson
- Coffea montekupensis Stoff.
- Coffea montis-sacri A.P.Davis
- Coffea moratii J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
- Coffea mufindiensis Hutch. ex Bridson
- Coffea myrtifolia (A.Rich. ex DC.) J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea namorokensis A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
- Coffea neobridsoniae A.P.Davis
- Coffea neoleroyi A.P.Davis
- Coffea perrieri Drake ex Jum. & H.Perrier
- Coffea pervilleana (Baill.) Drake
- Coffea pocsii Bridson
- Coffea pseudozanguebariae Bridson
- Coffea pterocarpa A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
- Coffea racemosa Lour.
- Coffea rakotonasoloi A.P.Davis
- Coffea ratsimamangae J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
- Coffea resinosa (Hook.f.) Radlk.
- Coffea rhamnifolia (Chiov.) Bridson
- Coffea richardii J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea sahafaryensis J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea sakarahae J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea salvatrix Swynn. & Philipson
- Coffea sambavensis J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
- Coffea sapinii (De Wild.) A.P.Davis
- Coffea schliebenii Bridson
- Coffea semsei (Bridson) A.P.Davis
- Coffea sessiliflora Bridson
- Coffea stenophylla G.Don
- Coffea tetragona Jum. & H.Perrier
- Coffea togoensis A.Chev.
- Coffea toshii A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
- Coffea travancorensis Wight & Arn.
- Coffea tricalysioides J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea tsirananae J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea vatovavyensis J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea vavateninensis J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea vianneyi J.-F.Leroy
- Coffea vohemarensis A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
- Coffea wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn.
- Coffea zanguebariae Lour.
Fambolena kafe
[hanova | hanova ny fango]Karazan-kafe famboly
[hanova | hanova ny fango]
Maro karazana ny kafe raha isaina ny kafe dia, fa karazany roa ihany no tena be mpamboly, izay avy aty Afrika: ny Coffea arabica sy ny kafe Coffea canephora. Ny kafe arabika dia avy any Etiôpia ary volena indrindra any Amerika Latina. Ny kafe robusta dia volena indrindra aty Afrika, indrindra ao Kôtidivoara, sy any Atsinanana Indrindra, indrindra ao Vietnamy.
Toekarena
[hanova | hanova ny fango]
Efa tany amin’ ny taonjato faha-7 tal. J.K. no nambolen’ ny olona ny kafe, izay vanimpotoana namokarana azy tany Arabia, teny amoron’ ny Ranomasina Mena. Nanomboka tamin’ ny taonjato faha-15 dia niitatra nankany Iemena ny fambolena kafe, avy eo nankany amin’ny Atsinanana manontolo eto amin’ izao tontolo izao.
Nandritra ny taonjato faha-17 dia nitombo tsikelikely ny fisotroana kafe tao Eorôpa. Nanomboka namboly kefe ny Hôlandey tao amin’ ny zanataniny toa an’ i Java sy i Seilana. Nandritra ny ampahefany voalohany amin’ ny taonjato faha-18 dia nanomboka namboly kafe tany Martinika ny Frantsay. Nanomboka namboly kafe amin’ ny tany midadasika tany Jamaika ny Britanika tamin’ ny taona 1723 ary ny Espaniôla tany Filipina tamin’ io taona io ihany. Nitatra nankany Amerika Latina ny fambolena kafe, ny tao Brezily dia efa tamin’ ny taona 1723 no anomboka.
Ny firenena mpamokatra kafe (taona 2018)
| Firenena | Famokarana
(taonina) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Brezila | 3 556 638 | ||
| 2 | Vietnamy | 1 61 307 | ||
| 3 | Indônezia | 722 461 | ||
| 4 | Kôlômbia | 720 634 | ||
| 5 | Hôndorasy | 481 053 | ||
| 6 | Etiôpia | 470 221 | ||
| 7 | Pero | 369 622 | ||
| 8 | India | 326 982 | ||
| 9 | Goatemala | 245 580 | ||
| 10 | Oganda | 211 200 | ||
| Maneran-tany | 10 303 122 | |||
| Loharano: FAOSTAT | ||||
Miovaova ny filaharan' ny firenena mpamokatra kafe araka ny habetsahan' ny vokatra, nefa i Brezily no lohalaharana amin’ ny fambolena kafe ao Amerika Atsimo sy manerana izao tontolo izao. Niely aty Afrika koa ny fambolena kafe nandritra ny taonjato faha-20, ka i Madagasikara no lohalaharana taty Afrika, izay arakarahin’ i Kôngô sy i Kamerona ary i Angôla. Tonga tany Azia koa ny fambolena kafe, na dia tsy tena mandroso be aza, toy ny any Indônezia.
Tamin' ny taompolo 2000, ny mpamokatra kafe voalohany dia i Brezily, manaraka azy i Kôlômbia, i Indônezia, i Japana, i Kôtidivoara, i Meksika, i Goatemala, i Oganda ary i Etiôpia. Ny ankabetsahan’ ny kafe vokarina maneran-tany dia avy any Amerika, ka ny kafe arabica no vokariny amin’ izany.