Halatra omby ao India

Ny halatra omby, any India, dia heloka mahakasika ny fananana^[1]^[2]. Ao amin' ny lahatsoratry ny Andro Taloha sy ny Andro Antenatenany tany India dia voalaza fa heloka sy fahotana ary lohahevitra hita ao amin' ny fedrà hindo ny halatra omby^[3]^[4]^[5].

Nandritra ny fanjanahantany sy taorian' ny fanjanahantany dia heloka bevava fahita matetika ny hakatra omby saingy misy ny fifanoheran-kevitra momba izany^[6]. Araka ny voalazan' i David Gilmartin, dia noheverin' ny manampahefana britanika tamin' ny andron' ny fanjanahantany ho loza ara-pôlitika miotrika izay nandrahona hanimba ny rafi-pitantanana manontolo ny heloka bevava noho ny halatra omby, satria nandrahona ny hampikorosy fahana ny fanjakana amin' ny maha mpiaro sy mpiantoka ara-dalàna ny olona tsirairay amin' ny maha tompo mpamokatra fananana miteraka fidiram-bola azy^[7]. Amin' izao fotoana izao dia nahatonga ny omby be dia be ho lasibatry ny halatra ny tinady momba ny hen' omby^[8]^[9]. Araka ny The New York Times sy ny loharanom-baovao hafa dia sehatr' asa ahazoan-tombony any India ny halatra omby hahazoana hen' omby^[9]^[10]^[8].

Misy trano famonoana omby tsy ara-dalàna maherin' ny 30 000 ny any India, izay miasa ao anatin' ny toe-javatra maloto^[11]^[12]. Araka ny The New York Times dia anisan' ny mamatsy ny trano famonoana omby tsy ara-dalàna ny halatra omby^[9].

Halatra omby ao India ankehitriny

Araka ny voalazan' i Roshan Kishore, izay nanoratra tao amin' ny Live Mint, dia mampiseho ny famakafakana ny angon-drakitra navoakan' ny National Crime Records Bureau ao India, fa nihena ny tahan' ny halatra omby ao anatin' ny halatra ankapobeny tao India nandritra ny vanim-potoana 1990–2014 na teo amin' ny isan' ny tranga notaterina sy ny sandan' ny fananana nalaina^[13].

Nilaza ny tatitra tamin' ny taona 2013 nataon' i Gardiner Harris's ao amin' ny Delhi Journal of The New York Times fa nitombo ny halatra omby tato ho ato tao New Delhi, mifandray amin' ny fitomboan' ny fihinanan' ny Indiana hena. Voalohany indrindra ny henan' akoho, nefa anisan' ny hena koa ny henan' omby. Nolazain' i Harris fa avela malalaka hivezivezy eny an-dalambe ny omby, ka mora lasibatry ny halatra^[9]^[14]. Araka ny gazety The Hindu dia mampiseho ny famakafakana ny angon-drakitra navoakan' ny National Sample Survey tamin' ny taona 2016 tao India fa latsaky ny iray isan-jaton' ny Hindo ao amin' ny Patti Hindi (ara-bakiteny: "Fehin-kibo Hindo") no mihinana henan' omby na henam-bofalô. Nandritra ny folo taona, 1999–2000 ka hatramin' ny 2011–2012, dia nihena avy amin' ny 19 tapitrisa mankamin' ny 12,5 tapitrisa ny fihinan' ny Hindo henan' omby na henam-bofalô any India^[15].

Araka ny The New York Times dia mangalatra ny omby hitany ny andian-jiolahy mafià voalamina sady mivarotra izany any amin' ny toeram-pamonoana omby tsy ara-dalàna. Araka ny fampahalalam-baovao amin' ny haino aman-jery dia ahitana trano famonoana omby tsy ara-dalàna be dia be ny any India. Ohatra, tao amin' ny fanjakan' i Andhra Pradesh, tamin' ny taona 2013, dia nitatitra ny fisian' ny trano famonoana omby tsy ara-dalàna maherin' ny 3 000 ny tompon' andraikitra^[9]. Araka ny filazan' i Nanditha Krishna dia tombanana ho 30 000 eo ho eo ny toerana famonoana omby tsy ara-dalàna toy izany ao India, izay matetika miasa ao anatin' ny toe-javatra maloto. Mitombo ireo asa tsy ara-dalàna ireo mandritra ny fetibe sy mandritra ny fanaovana fombafomba ara-pivavahana isan-karazany mifandray amin' ny fanaovana sorona biby, noho ny tsy fahampiana sy ny haben' ny tinady ao amin' ny tsena indiana sy ao amin' ny tsena iraisam-pirenena^[11]^[12].

Manintona ny mafia ao India amin' ny lafiny ara-toekarena ny halatra omby hovonoina sy hamokarana hen' omby. Tamin' ny taona 2013, araka ny filazan' i Gardiner Harris, dia mahazaka omby 10 ny kamiao iray, izany hoe mitentina 5 000 Rupia eo ho eo ny omby tsirairay (94 dôlara amerikana eo ho eo tamin' ny taona 2013), na 900 dôlara mahery isaky ny halatra omby amin' ny alina. Any India izay misy mponina 800 tapitrisa eo ho eo miaina amin' ny fidiram-bola latsaky ny 2 dôlara amerikana isan' andro, dia manintona ara-bola ny fanaovana asan' ny mafia mifototra amin' ny halatra toy izany^[9]. Araka ny voalazan' i Andrew Buncombe, rehefa miampita an-tsokosoko ny sisintany ny omby halatra dia miakatra efa ho avo telo heny ny vidin' ny iray ary vao mainka manintona ara-bola ity heloka bevava ity^[10]. Araka ny The Indian Express dia Fanjakana maro no nitatitra fa mitombo ny halatra omby sy ny herisetra mifandraika amin' izany^[16].

Fanondranana omby an-tsokosoko any India

Ny fanondranana omby an-tsokosoko any India dia famindrana omby hovonoina sy haodina, avy any amin' ny fanjakana ao India izay tsy maha ara-dalàna ny famonoana omby, mankany amin' ny fanjakana izay maha ara-dalàna ny famonoana omby, ary koa mankany amin' ny firenena manodidina toa an' i Bangladesy. Miely patrana any India ity asa ratsy ity, ary misy tombantombana milaza fa omby maherin' ny iray tapitrisa no aondrana an-tsokosoko isan-taona^[10]^[8]^[17].

Ny fanondranana omby an-tsokosoko, hoy i Jason Cons – mpampianatra antrôpôlôjia namoaka boky momba ny vondrom-piarahamonina eo amin' ny sisintany manasaraka an' i India sy i Bangladesy, dia loharanom-pihenjanan' ny fiarahamonina satria misy ny famindrana ny omby masina (ombivavy) hovonoina any amin' ny tsenan-kena mozilmana^[18]. Miteraka heloka bevava sy herisetra ary nampipoaka fifanolanana teo amin' ny manampahefana ao amin' io sisintany io ihany koa^[8]^[19]^[18].

Jereo koa

Loharano sy fanamarihana

↑ David H. Bayley (2015). Police and Political Development in India. Princeton University Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-4008-7849-9.
↑ "Delhi police arrest 5 for cattle theft, illegal slaughter; seize illegal weapons". Deccan Chronicle. ANI. 3 July 2017.
↑ Alf Hiltebeitel (2009). Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics. University of Chicago Press. pp. 460–462, with footnotes 76–78. ISBN 978-0-226-34055-5.
↑ Adheesh Sathaye (2007), How to become a Brahman, Acta Orientalia Vilnensia, Volume 8, Number 1, pp. 47-58
↑ Olivelle, P. (8 April 2011). "Penance and Punishment: Marking the Body in Criminal Law and Social Ideology of Ancient India". The Journal of Hindu Studies. 4 (1). Oxford University Press: 35–37. doi:10.1093/jhs/hir011.
↑ Gilmartin, David (2003), "Cattle, crime and colonialism: Property as negotiation in north India", The Indian Economic & Social History Review, 40 (1): 33–56, doi:10.1177/001946460304000102, S2CID 153991076
↑ Gilmartin, David (2003), "Cattle, crime and colonialism: Property as negotiation in north India", The Indian Economic & Social History Review, 40 (1): 38, doi:10.1177/001946460304000102, S2CID 153991076
↑ ^8,0 ^8,1 ^8,2 et ^8,3 Ghosh, Palash (2 April 2014). "Cattle Smuggling: A Dangerous, Illegal And Highly Profitable Trade Between India And Bangladesh". The International Business Times.
↑ ^9,0 ^9,1 ^9,2 ^9,3 ^9,4 et ^9,5 Gardiner Harris (26 May 2013). "For New Breed of Rustlers, Nothing Is Sacred". The New York Times.
↑ ^10,0 ^10,1 et ^10,2 Buncombe, Andrew (1 June 2012). "Nothing's sacred: the illegal trade in India's holy cows". The Independent.
↑ ^11,0 et ^11,1 Nanditha Krishna (2014). Sacred Animals of India. Penguin. p. 116. ISBN 978-81-8475-182-6.
↑ ^12,0 et ^12,1 "PETA asks for illegal slaughterhouses’ closure", The Hindu (1 April 2017)
↑ Kishore, Roshan (14 October 2015), "How India steals", Live Mint
↑ Rosanna Masiola; Renato Tomei (2015). Law, Language and Translation: From Concepts to Conflicts. Springer. pp. 43–46. ISBN 978-3-319-14271-5.
↑ The Hindu and India Datalabs (29 October 2016), "More Indians Eating Beef, Buffalo Meat", The Hindu.
↑ "In Assam, mob fury and cattle thieves have a long history", Samudra Gupta Kashyap (2 May 2017), The Indian Express.
↑ Willem van Schendel (2005). The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia. Anthem Press. pp. 183 note 66. ISBN 978-1-84331-145-4.
↑ ^18,0 et ^18,1 Jason Cons (2016). Sensitive Space: Fragmented Territory at the India-Bangladesh Border. University of Washington Press. pp. 126–127. ISBN 978-0-295-80654-9.
↑ "Bengal’s cow smuggling business is drying up", Dibyendu MONDAL, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, The Sunday Guardian, (11 June 2017)

[1] David H. Bayley (2015). Police and Political Development in India. Princeton University Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-4008-7849-9.

[2] "Delhi police arrest 5 for cattle theft, illegal slaughter; seize illegal weapons". Deccan Chronicle. ANI. 3 July 2017.

[3] Alf Hiltebeitel (2009). Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics. University of Chicago Press. pp. 460–462, with footnotes 76–78. ISBN 978-0-226-34055-5.

[4] Adheesh Sathaye (2007), How to become a Brahman, Acta Orientalia Vilnensia, Volume 8, Number 1, pp. 47-58

[5] Olivelle, P. (8 April 2011). "Penance and Punishment: Marking the Body in Criminal Law and Social Ideology of Ancient India". The Journal of Hindu Studies. 4 (1). Oxford University Press: 35–37. doi:10.1093/jhs/hir011.

[6] Gilmartin, David (2003), "Cattle, crime and colonialism: Property as negotiation in north India", The Indian Economic & Social History Review, 40 (1): 33–56, doi:10.1177/001946460304000102, S2CID 153991076

[7] Gilmartin, David (2003), "Cattle, crime and colonialism: Property as negotiation in north India", The Indian Economic & Social History Review, 40 (1): 38, doi:10.1177/001946460304000102, S2CID 153991076

[:0-8] 8,0 ^8,1 ^8,2 et ^8,3 Ghosh, Palash (2 April 2014). "Cattle Smuggling: A Dangerous, Illegal And Highly Profitable Trade Between India And Bangladesh". The International Business Times.

[:1-9] 9,0 ^9,1 ^9,2 ^9,3 ^9,4 et ^9,5 Gardiner Harris (26 May 2013). "For New Breed of Rustlers, Nothing Is Sacred". The New York Times.

[:2-10] 10,0 ^10,1 et ^10,2 Buncombe, Andrew (1 June 2012). "Nothing's sacred: the illegal trade in India's holy cows". The Independent.

[:3-11] 11,0 et ^11,1 Nanditha Krishna (2014). Sacred Animals of India. Penguin. p. 116. ISBN 978-81-8475-182-6.

[:4-12] 12,0 et ^12,1 "PETA asks for illegal slaughterhouses’ closure", The Hindu (1 April 2017)

[13] Kishore, Roshan (14 October 2015), "How India steals", Live Mint

[14] Rosanna Masiola; Renato Tomei (2015). Law, Language and Translation: From Concepts to Conflicts. Springer. pp. 43–46. ISBN 978-3-319-14271-5.

[15] The Hindu and India Datalabs (29 October 2016), "More Indians Eating Beef, Buffalo Meat", The Hindu.

[16] "In Assam, mob fury and cattle thieves have a long history", Samudra Gupta Kashyap (2 May 2017), The Indian Express.

[17] Willem van Schendel (2005). The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia. Anthem Press. pp. 183 note 66. ISBN 978-1-84331-145-4.

[:5-18] 18,0 et ^18,1 Jason Cons (2016). Sensitive Space: Fragmented Territory at the India-Bangladesh Border. University of Washington Press. pp. 126–127. ISBN 978-0-295-80654-9.

[19] "Bengal’s cow smuggling business is drying up", Dibyendu MONDAL, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, The Sunday Guardian, (11 June 2017)

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