Tovona (fitsipiteny)
Ny tovona dia hasin-teny isan' ny sokajin' ny tsirinteny izay fametraka eo alohan' ny fototeny. Ahazoana sampan-teny na manova ny hevitra ara-pitsipiteny ny fanasiana tovona amin' ny teny iray.
Tovona ao amin' ireo fiteny indô-eorôpeana[hanova | hanova ny fango]
Tovona fahita ao amin' ny fiteny eorôpeana[hanova | hanova ny fango]
Ao amin' ireo fiteny ao Eorôpa dia miankina amin' ny fomba famaritan' ny olona ny maha tovona na tsia ny hasin-teny iray. Inty ny lisitr' ireo tovana fahita matetika: a- ("tsy"), acro- ("ambony"), allo- ("hafa"), alter- ("hafa"), ante- ("aloha"), anti- ("manohitra"), auto- ("hoazy"), bi- ("roa"), co- ("miaraka"), cis- ("samy amin' ny ilany iray"), contra- ("ambany", "manihitra"), de- ("manohitra", "manaisotra"), di- ("roa"), dis- ("manohitra", "manaisotra"), dys- ("manohitra", "ratsy"), epi- ("ambony", "manampy"), extra- ("mihoatra"), hemi- ("antsasany"), hexa- ("enina"), hyper- ("mihoatra"), hypo- ("an-tsisiny", "tsy ampy", "ambany"), ig- ("tsy"), il- ("tsy"), im- ("tsy"), in- ("tsy"), infra- ("ambany"), inter- ("anelanelany"), intra- ("anatiny"), ir- ("tsy"), macro- ("lehibe"), mal- ("ratsy"), maxi- ("lehibe indrindra"), meso- ("afovoany"), meta- ("hafa"), micro- ("bitika"), mid- ("afovoany"), mini- ("kely"), mono- ("tokana"), multi- ("maro"), non- ("tsy", "tsia"), octo- ("valo"), pan- ("rehetra", "manontolo"), para- ("antsisiny", "ankoatra", "miova", "mifandray"), penta- ("dimy"), per- ("maninteraka"), peri- ("manodidina"), poly- ("maro"), post- ("aoriana"), pre- ("aloha", "vonona"), pro- ("mikasika", "momba", "mpomba", "amin' ny anarana' ny"), proto- ("voalohany", "ntaolo", "mpialoha lalana"), pseudo- ("tsy izy", "diso"), quadri- ("efatra"), quasi- ("saika", "sahalahala"), re- ("miverina", "indray"), semi- ("antsasany"), "ampahany", "sahalahala"), sub- ("ambany"), super- ("ambony", "mihoatra", "lehibe"), supra- ("ambony"), tetra- ("efatra"), trans- ("miampita", "mampifandray"), tri- ("telo"), ultra- ("mihoatra", "ankoatra", "fara tampony"), xeno- ("vahiny", "avy ivelany").
Tovona ao amin' ny fiteny anglisy[hanova | hanova ny fango]
Ireto ny tovona an' ny fiteny anglisy manokana: counter- ("manohitra"), down- ("midina", "mampihena"), fore- ("aloha"), mis- ("ratsy"), over- ("tafahoatra", "fara tampony"), self- ("hoazy"), un- ("tsy", "manaisotra", "manohitra"), under- ("ambany", "tsy ampy"), up- ("ambony", "mitombo").
Tovona ao amin' ny fiteny alemàna[hanova | hanova ny fango]
Amin' ny fiteny alemàna, azo sokajiana ho roa ny sampanteny miforona amin' ny tovona: ireo ampiasaina miaraka amin' ny anarana sy mpamari-toetra, ary ireo ampiasaina amin' ny matoanteny. Ho an' ny sampanteny anarana sy mpamari-toetra, tovona mamokatra roa ihany no azo ampiana amin' ny anarana na mpamari-toetra: un-, izay maneho ny fandàvana (toy ny amin' ny ungesund, avy amin' ny gesund), ary ur-, izay midika hoe "voalohany, nivoaka voalohany" amin' ny anarana, ary manana fiasa manantitra amin' ny mpamari-toetra. Ny ge- kosa dia maneho firaisana na fiarahana, fa ao anatin' ny vondron-teny mihidy ihany — tsy azo ampiana amin' ny anarana na mpamari-toetra fotsiny.
Ny tovona fanao amin' ny matoantety fampiasa matetika dia be-, ent-, er-, ge-, miss-, ver-, ary zer-. Ny be- midika fanamafisana na famaoham-be, ent- maneho fandavana. Ny ge- maneho ny fahafenoan' ny asa, ka izany no mahatonga azy ampiasaina amin' ny endriky ny ova-matoanteny lasa. Ny ver- dia manamafy, na ampiasaina hamadihana ny anarana na ny mpamari-toetra ho lasa matoanteny. Amin' ny toe-javatra sasany, ny tovona ent- (fandavana) dia azo heverina ho mifanohitra amin' ny tovona be-, fa ny er- kosa dia azo raisina ho mifanohitra amin' ny ver-.
Ny tovona er- dia matetika manondro ny fahavitan' ny asa iray, ary indraindray ny famaranana dia midika ho fahafatesana. Miaraka amin' ny matoanteny vitsy kokoa, manondro ny fiandohan' ny asa izy io. Ny tovona er- dia manova ny mpamari-tioetra ho matoanteny (ohatra: ny hoe erkalten dia mitovy hevitra amin' ny hoe kalt werden izay midika hoe "manomboka mangatsiaka").