Nendra
| Smallpox | |
|---|---|
| Anarana hafa: Variola,[1] variola vera,[2] pox,[3] red plague[4] | |
| A child with smallpox in Bangladesh in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic. | |
| Manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny | Infectious disease |
| Soritr'aretina | |
| Fanombohana mahazatra | 1 to 3 weeks following exposure[5] |
| Faharetana | About 4 weeks[5] |
| Antony | Variola major, Variola minor (spread between people)[6][7] |
| Diagnostika | Based on symptoms and confirmed by PCR[8] |
| Diagnostika samihafa | Chickenpox, impetigo, molluscum contagiosum, monkeypox[8] |
| Fisorohana | Smallpox vaccine[9] |
| Fitsaboana | Supportive care[10] |
| Fanafody | Tecovirimat, brincidofovir, cidofovir[9] |
| Fizotrany | 30% risk of death[5] |
| Hatetika | Eradicated (last wild case in 1977) |
Aretina mifindra vokatry ny iray amin'ireo karazana viriosy roa ny nendra, dia ny Variola major sy ny Variola minor.[7] Ny tranga farany hita voajanahary dia voamarina tamin'ny Oktobra 1977, ary ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana (WHO) dia nanome mari-pankasitrahana ny famongorana maneran-tany ny aretina tamin'ny 1980.[10] Manodidina ny 30% eo ho eo ny mety ho fahafatesana aorian'ny nahazoana ny aretina, ary ambony kokoa ny tahan'ny fahafatesana eo amin'ny zazakely.[6][11] Matetika ireo izay tafavoaka velona dia nanana holatra be dia be teo amin'ny hodiny, ary ny sasany dia lasa jamba.[6]
Anisan'ny soritr'aretina voalohany tamin'ilay aretina ny tazo sy ny fandoavana.[5] Nanaraka izany ny fiforonan'ny fery tao am-bava sy ny mangidihidy tao amin'ny hoditra.[5] Nandritra ny andro maromaro dia niova ho fivontosana feno ranoka miavaka misy lavaka eo afovoany ny maimaika amin'ny hoditra.[5] Niparitaka ireo fivontosana ary nilatsaka, namela takaitra.[5] Niely teo amin'ny olona na tamin'ny alalan'ny zavatra voaloto ny aretina.[6][12] Ny fisorohana voalohany indrindra dia tamin'ny alalan'ny vaksiny nendra.[9] Raha vao nipoitra ny aretina dia mety ho nanampy ny fanafody antiviral sasany.[9]
Tsy fantatra ny niandohan'ny nendra.[13] Ny porofo voalohany momba ny aretina dia tamin'ny taonjato faha-3 talohan'i JK tao amin'ny momi Ejiptiana.[13] Nitranga nandritra ny fihanaky ny aretina ara-tantara ity aretina ity.[10] Tany Eoropa tamin'ny taonjato faha-18, tombanana ho 400.000 isan-taona ny olona matin'ny aretina, ary ny ampahatelon'ny tranga dia niafara tamin'ny fahajambana.[10][14] Anisan'ireo maty ireo ny mpanjaka enina.[10][14] Tombanana ho 300 no maty vokatry ny nendra olona tapitrisa tamin'ny taonjato faha-20 [15][16] ary manodidina ny 500 olona an-tapitrisany tao anatin'ny 100 taona farany nisiany.[17] Vao tamin'ny 1967, 15 tranga an-tapitrisany no nitranga isan-taona.[10]
Toa nanomboka tany Shina tamin'ny taona 1500 teo ho eo ny vaksiny ho an'ny nendra.[18][19] Nandray ity fomba fanao avy any Azia ity i Eoropa tamin'ny tapany voalohany tamin'ny taonjato faha-18.[20] Tamin'ny 1796, i Edward Jenner no nampiditra ny vaksiny nendra maoderina.[21][22] Tamin'ny 1967, nanamafy ny ezaka natao hanafoanana ity aretina ity ny OMS.[10] Ny nendra dia iray amin'ireo aretina mifindra roa izay efa nofoanana, ny iray hafa dia ny rinderpest tamin'ny taona 2011.[23][24] Ny teny hoe "nendra" dia nampiasaina voalohany tany Grande-Bretagne tamin'ny fiandohan'ny taonjato faha-16 mba hanavahana ny aretina amin'ny syphilis, izay fantatra tamin'ny anarana hoe "nendra lehibe" tamin'izany fotoana izany.[25][26] Anisan'ny anarana ara-tantara hafa ho an'ity aretina ity ny pox, speckled monster, ary red plague.[3][4][26]
References
[hanova | hanova ny fango]- ↑ (2008) The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes (in en). Springer Science & Business Media.
- ↑ (2012) Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology (in en). Springer Science & Business Media.
- 1 2 (1988) “The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World”, Smallpox and its eradication. Geneva: World Health Organization, 209–44.
- 1 2 (2016) Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History. Pengui.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Signs and Symptoms". CDC (in anglais américain). 7 June 2016. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 "What is Smallpox?". CDC (in anglais américain). 7 June 2016. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- 1 2 (2004) Sherris Medical Microbiology, 4th, McGraw Hill, 525–28.
- 1 2 "Diagnosis & Evaluation". CDC (in anglais américain). 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 "Prevention and Treatment". CDC (in anglais américain). 13 December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Smallpox". WHO Factsheet. Archived from the original on 21 September 2007.
- ↑ "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proceedings 18 (1): 21–5. January 2005. doi:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028. PMC 1200696. PMID 16200144. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1200696.
- ↑ Lebwohl, Mark G. (2013). Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies (in en). Elsevier Health Sciences.
- 1 2 "History of Smallpox". CDC (in anglais américain). 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- 1 2 (2005) Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History (in en). ABC-CLIO, 151–52.
- ↑ Koprowski, Hilary (January 1996). Microbe hunters, then and now. Medi-Ed Press.
- ↑ "The eradication of smallpox--an overview of the past, present, and future". Vaccine 29 Suppl 4: D7-9. December 2011. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080. PMID 22188929.
- ↑ (2009) Smallpox : the death of a disease. Prometheus Books.
- ↑ Needham, Joseph (2000). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine (in en). Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Silverstein, Arthur M. (2009). A History of Immunology, 2nd, Academic Press, 293.
- ↑ Strathern, Paul (2005). A Brief History of Medicine. London: Robinson.
- ↑ "Anti-vaccinationists past and present". BMJ 325 (7361): 430–2. August 2002. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430. PMC 1123944. PMID 12193361. http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
- ↑ "Smallpox vaccines". WHO. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ↑ Guidotti, Tee L. (2015). Health and Sustainability: An Introduction (in en). Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Roossinck, Marilyn J. (2016). Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes (in en). Princeton University Press.
- ↑ "smallpox | Etymology, origin and meaning of smallpox by etymonline". www.etymonline.com (in Anglisy). Archived from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
- 1 2 "Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death". Annals of Internal Medicine 127 (8 Pt 1): 635–42. October 1997. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010. PMID 9341063. https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_1997-10-15_127_8/page/635.