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Mpikambana:Bluerose25/Mamono Tena

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Famonoan-tena
The Suicide by Édouard Manet
Manam-pahaizana manokana momba nySampam-pitsaboana aretin-tsaina
Fanombohana mahazatraMihoatra ny 70 taona ary anelanelan'ny 15 sy 30 taona[1]
AntonyHanging, pesticide poisoning, firearms[2][3]
Antony mety hampidi-dozaDepression, bipolar disorder, autism, schizophrenia, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, alcoholism, substance abuse[2][4][5][6]
FisorohanaLimiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders and substance misuse, careful media reporting about suicide, improving social and economic conditions[2]
Hatetika12 per 100,000 per year[7]
Fahafatesana793,000 / 1.5% of deaths (2016)[8][9]

Ny famonoan-tena dia ny fanaovana fanahy iniana famonoana olona (ny tenany ihany) [10]. Ireo aretina ara-tsaina, anisan'izany ny fahaketrahana, ny bipôlara, ny autism, ny schizophrenia, ny fikorontanan'ny toetra, ny tebiteby, na ihany koa ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina, anisan'izany ny fisotroan-toaka sy ny fampiasana benzodiazepines, no antony mety ahatonga ny famonoan-tena[2][4][11][6]. Ny famonoan-tena sasany dia fihetsika tampoka vokatry ny adin-tsaina, toy ny olana ara-bola, olana ara-piaraha-monina na ara-pitiavana ohatra ny fisarahana, na fampijaliana[2][12][13]. Ireo izay efa nanandrana namono tena teo aloha dia atahorana kokoa ny hamerenany izany amin'ny ho avy[2]. Ireto avy ireo fomba afahana misoroka ny famonoan-tena: famerana ny fidirana amin'ny fomba famonoan-tena—toy ny basy, zava-mahadomelina ary poizina; ny fitsaboana ny aretina ara-tsaina sy ny fampiasana tafahoatra ny zava-mahadomelina; lanjalanjaina ny tatitra momba ny famonoan-tena ataon'ny media; ary fanatsarana ny toe-karena[2][14]. Efa napetraka ny laharana maintso afahana miantso raha misy olana, fa mbola tsy nohalalinina tsara izay[15][16].

Miovaova arakaraka ny firenena ny fomba famonoan-tena ampiasaina matetika indrindra, ary misy ifandraisany amin'ny fisian'ny fomba mahomby izany[17]. Anisan'ny fomba mahazatra amin'ny famonoan-tena ny fanantonana, ny fanapoizinana amin'ny fanafody famonoana bibikely, ary ny basy[2][3]. Nahafaty olona 828.000 maneran-tany ny famonoan-tena tamin'ny taona 2015, nitombo izany raha oharina tamin'ny taona 1990 izay niisa 712.000 ny fahafatesana[18][19]. Izany no mahatonga ny famonoan-tena hipetraka eo amin'ny laharana faha-10 amin'ny anton'ny fahafatesana maneran-tany[4][7].

Manodidina ny 1.5%-n'ny mponina no maty noho ny famonoan-tena[9]. Ao anatin'ny taona iray dia eo amin'ny 12 isaky ny olona 100.000 eo ho eo izany[7]. Amin'ny ankapobeny, betsaka kokoa ny lehilahy mamono tena noho ny vehivavy, in-1.5 heny any amin'ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana ka hatramin'ny in-3.5 any amin'ny firenena mandroso[1]. Ny olona mihoatra ny 70 taona no matetika mamono tena; na izany aza, any amin'ny firenena sasany, ireo eo anelanelan'ny 15 sy 30 taona no tena atahorana ho faty[1]. Eoropa no nanana ny tahan'ny famonoan-tena ambony indrindra tamin'ny taona 2015[20]. Tombanana ho eo amin'ny 10 ka hatramin'ny 20 tapitrisa isan-taona eo ho eo ny famonoan-tena ka tsy nahafaty[21]. Mety hiteraka ratra sy fahasembanana maharitra ny famonoan-tena tsy nahafaty[22]. Any amin'ny tontolo tandrefana, ny tanora sy ny vehivavy no betsaka kokoa nanandrana namono tena ary tsy maty[22].

Misy fiatraikany eo amin'ny fiheverana momba ny famonoan-tena ny lohahevitra momba ny fisiana toy ny fivavahana, ny voninahitra ary ny dikan'ny fiainana[23][24]. Ny fivavahana Abrahamika dia mihevitra ny famonoan-tena ho toy ny fandikan-dalàna amin'Andriamanitra, noho ny finoana ny fahamasinan'ny aina[25]. Nandritra ny vanim-potoanan'ny samurai tany Japon, ny karazana famonoan-tena fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe seppuku ( harakiri ) dia noraisina ho toy ny fomba fanonerana ny tsy fahombiazana na ho toy ny endrika fanoherana[26]. Ny Sati, fomba fanao voararan'ny Raj Britanika, dia nandidy fa mamono tena amin'ny afo fandevenana ny vadiny ny vehivavy mananotena Indiana, na an-tsitrapo izany na noho ny faneren'ny fianakaviany sy ny fiaraha-monina[27]. Tsy ara-dalàna ny famonoan-tena sy ny fikasana hamono tena taloha, tsy toy izany intsony any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena tandrefana amin'izao[28] fa mbola heloka bevava ihany izany any amin'ny firenena sasany[29]. Tamin'ny taonjato faha-20 sy faha-21, natao ho fomba fanoherana ny famonoan-tena, ary ny kamikaze sy ny baomba famonoan-tena dia nampiasaina ho tetika ara-miaramila na fampihorohoroana[30].

References

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  1. 1 2 3 (2014) Preventing suicide: a global imperative. WHO, 7, 20, 40.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Suicide Fact sheet N°398". WHO. April 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  3. 1 2 "Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database". Bulletin of the World Health Organization 86 (9): 726–32. September 2008. doi:10.2471/BLT.07.043489. PMC 2649482. PMID 18797649. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2649482.
  4. 1 2 3 "Suicide". Lancet 373 (9672): 1372–81. April 2009. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X. PMID 19376453.
  5. ↑ "Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances". Current Psychiatry Reports 20 (4): 26. March 2018. doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z. PMID 29594718.
  6. 1 2 "Suicide in autism spectrum disorders". Archives of Suicide Research 18 (4): 327–39. 2014. doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.824834. PMID 24713024.
  7. 1 2 3 "Suicide in the world". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9 (3): 760–71. March 2012. doi:10.3390/ijerph9030760. PMC 3367275. PMID 22690161. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3367275.
  8. ↑ "Suicide across the world (2016)". World Health Organization. 2019-09-27. Archived from the original on 2004-07-01. Retrieved 2019-10-16.
  9. 1 2 "Suicide". New England Journal of Medicine 382 (3): 266–74. January 2020. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1902944. PMID 31940700.
  10. ↑ (2006) Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 28th, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  11. ↑ "Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature". The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders 19 (2). March 2017. doi:10.4088/PCC.16r02037. PMID 28257172.
  12. ↑ "Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review". Cadernos de Saude Publica 31 (3): 463–75. March 2015. doi:10.1590/0102-311x00036114. PMID 25859714.
  13. ↑ "Suicide rates rising across the U.S. | CDC Online Newsroom | CDC". www.cdc.gov (in anglais américain). 11 April 2019. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2019. Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.
  14. ↑ (2008) Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals.
  15. ↑ "The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 52 (6 Suppl 1): 7S–20S. June 2007. PMID 17824349. "Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking."
  16. ↑ "Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review". The Lancet. Psychiatry 3 (7): 646–59. July 2016. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X. PMID 27289303. "Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support."
  17. ↑ "Means restriction for suicide prevention". Lancet 379 (9834): 2393–9. June 2012. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2. PMC 6191653. PMID 22726520. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6191653.
  18. ↑ "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet 388 (10053): 1459–1544. October 2016. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5388903.
  19. ↑ "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet 385 (9963): 117–71. January 2015. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4340604.
  20. ↑ "Suicide rates per (100 000 population)". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  21. ↑ "Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective". World Psychiatry 1 (3): 181–5. October 2002. PMC 1489848. PMID 16946849. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1489848.
  22. 1 2 "The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies". Emergency Medicine Practice 13 (9): 1–23; quiz 23–4. September 2011. PMID 22164363.
  23. ↑ Tomer, Adrian (2013). Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes. Psychology Press.
  24. ↑ (2011) The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
  25. ↑ (2014) God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality. Archway Publishing.
  26. ↑ Colt, George Howe (1992). The enigma of suicide, 1st Touchstone, New York: Simon & Schuster.
  27. ↑ "Indian woman commits sati suicide". Bbc.co.uk. 2002-08-07. Archived from the original on 2011-02-02. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
  28. ↑ White, Tony (2010). Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  29. ↑ "Suicide and islam". Archives of Suicide Research 10 (1): 77–97. 2006. doi:10.1080/13811110500318489. PMID 16287698.
  30. ↑ "Rethinking suicide bombing". Crisis 30 (2): 94–7. 2009. doi:10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94. PMID 19525169.
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