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Metamfetamina

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Methamphetamine
An image of the methamphetamine compound
Clinical data
PronunciationEndrika:IPAc-en
Trade namesDesoxyn, Methedrine, others
Anarana hafaN-methylamphetamine, N,α-dimethylphenethylamine, desoxyephedrine
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
[[Regulation of therapeutic goods |Endrika:Engvar data]]
Dependence
liability		Physical: None; Psychological: High
Addiction
liability		High
Routes of
administration		By mouth
Drug classAmphetamine
Sata ara-dalàna
Sata ara-dalàna
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityBy mouth: 70%[1]
IV: 100%[1]
Protein bindingVaries widely[2]
MetabolismCYP2D6[3][4] and FMO3[5][6]
Onset of actionRapid[7]
Elimination half-life5–30 hours[8]
Duration of action10–20 hours[7]
ExcretionPrimarily kidney
Identifiers
Angon-drakitra simika sy ara-batana
RaikipohyC10H15N
Molar mass149237 g·mol−1
Modely 3D (JSmol)
ChiralityRacemic mixture
Melting point170 °C (338 °F) [9]
Boiling point212 °C (414 °F) at 760 mmHg[9]
  (verify)

Ny Methafetamina [13] dia fanafody mampientanentana ny rafi-pitatitra foibe (CNS) izay ampiasaina indrindra ho toy ny zava-mahadomelina fialamboly ary tsy dia ampiasaina firy hitsaboana ny fikorontanan'ny fifantohana, ny narcolepsy, ary ny hatavezana.[14][10] Tsy soso-kevitra intsony ny fampiasana azy ho an'ny matavy loatra.[15] Rehefa raisina am-bava dia manomboka ao anatin'ny 30 minitra ny vokany ary mety haharitra hatramin'ny 24 ora.[15][10]

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fiakaran'ny tosidrà, ny fitempon'ny fo, ny fiakaran'ny toe-po, ny olana amin'ny torimaso, ny hovitrovitra, ny aretim-pivalanana ary ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny firaisana ara-nofo.[15] Mety ahitana voka-dratsy hafa koa ny aretin-tsaina, ny mania, ny fikorontanan-tsaina, ny fiakaran'ny mari-pana amin'ny vatana, ary ny tics.[15][16] Misy ny mety ho fanararaotana avo lenta; na dia mahalana aza ny fahafatesana mivantana vokatry ny fampiasana azy.[15][10] Mety hanimba ny zaza ny fampiasana azy mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka ary tsy soso-kevitra ny fampinonoana aorian'ny fampiasana azy.[15][17] Ao amin'ny fianakavian'ny fanafody amphetamine izy io.[15]

Hita tamin'ny 1893 ny Methamphetamine ary novokarina voalohany tamin'ny 1919.[18][10] Matetika indrindra no amboarina any amin'ireo toerana tsy ara-dalàna any Etazonia sy any amin'ny Farany Atsinanana izy io.[10] Azo atelina, sotroina, tsindrona, na setroka ho fialam-boly izy io.[10] Voasokajy ho akora voafehy araka ny Fizarana II izy io.[10] Voarara na voarara any amin'ny firenena maro ny famokarana, fizarana ary fitazonana methamphetamine.[19] Any Eoropa dia eo amin'ny 17 ka hatramin'ny 64 Euro eo ho eo ny vidin'ny grama ho an'ny famatsiana tsy ara-dalàna tamin'ny taona 2018.[20] Olona 27 tapitrisa eo ho eo no nampiasa amphetamine, ny ankamaroany dia methamphetamine, tamin'ny taona 2019.[21]

References

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  1. 1 2 "The neuroprotective potential of low-dose methamphetamine in preclinical models of stroke and traumatic brain injury". Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 64: 231–6. 2015. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.013. PMID 25724762. "In humans, the oral bioavailability of methamphetamine is approximately 70% but increases to 100% following intravenous (IV) delivery (Ares-Santos et al., 2013)."
  2. ↑ Endrika:Cite encyclopedia
  3. ↑ "Mimicking gene defects to treat drug dependence". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 909 (1): 233–246. 2000. Bibcode 2000NYASA.909..233S. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06685.x. PMID 10911933. "Methamphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant drug, is p-hydroxylated by CYP2D6 to less active p-OH-methamphetamine."
  4. ↑ "Adderall XR Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Shire US Inc. December 2013. pp. 12–13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013. Endrika:Webarchive
  5. ↑ "Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism". Pharmacol. Ther. 106 (3): 357–387. June 2005. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001. PMC 1828602. PMID 15922018. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1828602.
    Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO Endrika:Webarchive
  6. ↑ "N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 288 (3): 1251–1260. March 1999. PMID 10027866.
  7. 1 2 (2010) Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
  8. ↑ "The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine". Clinical Toxicology 48 (7): 675–694. August 2010. doi:10.3109/15563650.2010.516752. ISSN 1556-3650. PMID 20849327.
  9. 1 2 Endrika:Cite encyclopedia
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Methamphetamine". Drug profiles. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). 8 January 2015. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2018. The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.
  11. ↑ Endrika:Cite encyclopedia
  12. ↑ "Methedrine (methamphetamine hydrochloride): Uses, Symptoms, Signs and Addiction Treatment". Addictionlibrary.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016. Endrika:Webarchive
  13. ↑ Synonyms and brands include: N-methylamphetamine, desoxyephedrine, Syndrox, Methedrine, and Desoxyn.[10][11][12] Slang terms include: speed, crank, meth, crystal meth, pervitin, yaba, and shabu
  14. ↑ "Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology". Behav. Neurol. 2015: 103969. March 2015. doi:10.1155/2015/103969. PMC 4377385. PMID 25861156. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4377385. "In 1971, METH was restricted by US law, although oral METH (Ovation Pharmaceuticals) continues to be used today in the USA as a second-line treatment for a number of medical conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and refractory obesity."
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com (in Anglisy). Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  16. ↑ "Methamphetamine" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  17. ↑ "Methamphetamine". Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). National Library of Medicine (US). 2006. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  18. ↑ Mack, Avram H. (12 May 2016). Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders, Fourth Edition (in en). Guilford Publications.
  19. ↑ Lilley, Linda Lane (20 January 2017). Pharmacology for Canadian Health Care Practice (in en). Elsevier Health Sciences.
  20. ↑ "Infographic: amphetamine, methamphetamine, seizures, price, purity in the EU, 2018 | www.emcdda.europa.eu". www.emcdda.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  21. ↑ (2021) World Drug Report 2021. United Nations.
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