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Diethylamide asidra lysergic

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Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
INN: Lysergide
2D structural formula and 3D models of LSD
Clinical data
Pronunciation/daɪ eθəl ˈæmaɪd/, /æmɪd/, or /eɪmaɪd/[1][2][3]
Anarana hafaLSD, LSD-25, Acid, Delysid, others
AHFS/Drugs.comReference
Dependence
liability		Low[4]
Addiction
liability		Low-rare[5]
Routes of
administration		By mouth, under the tongue, intravenous
Drug classHallucinogen (serotonergic psychedelic)
Sata ara-dalàna
Sata ara-dalàna
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability71%[6]
Protein bindingUnknown[7]
MetabolismLiver (CYP450)[6]
Metabolites2-Oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD[6]
Onset of action30–40 minutes[8]
Elimination half-life3.6 hours[6][9]
Duration of action8–12 hours[10]
ExcretionKidneys[6][9]
Identifiers
Angon-drakitra simika sy ara-batana
RaikipohyC20H25N3O
Molar mass323440 g·mol−1
Modely 3D (JSmol)
Melting point80 to 85 °C (176 to 185 °F)
  (verify)

Ny asidra lysergic diethylamide (LSD), fantatra ihany koa amin’ny anarana hoe asidra, dia zava-mahadomelina mampisy fahitana sy fandrenesana tsy tena izy. [1]

Ny vokany dia ahitana fiovana amin’ny eritreritra, ny fihetseham-po, ary ny fahatsapana ny manodidina. [1] Mety hahita na handre zavatra tsy misy (hallucinations) ny mpampiasa. [2]

Anisan’ny fiantraikany ara-batana mahazatra ny fivelaran’ny anakandriamaso, ny fiakaran’ny tosidrà, ary ny fiakaran’ny hafanan’ny vatana. [3]

Matetika dia manomboka ao anatin’ny 30 minitra eo ho eo ny vokany ary mety haharitra hatramin’ny 12 ora. [3]

Ampiasaina indrindra ho zava-mahadomelina fialamboly izy io, ary indraindray amin’ny toe-javatra sasany dia ampiasaina amin’ny tanjona ara-panahy. [3] [4]

Toa tsy mampiankin-doha ny LSD, na dia mety hitranga aza ny fandeferana rehefa mitombo ny fatrany.[11][12] Mety hisy fiantraikany ratsy eo amin'ny saina, toy ny tebiteby, ny paranoia, ary ny famitahana.[7] Mety hitranga ny fahatsiarovana mampalahelo na dia tsy ampiasaina intsony aza, toe-javatra antsoina hoe fikorontanan'ny fahatsapana hallucinogen maharitra.[13][14] Mahalana vao misy fahafatesana vokatry ny LSD mivantana, na dia indraindray aza dia mitranga vokatry ny loza na fitondran-tena tsy voahevitra izany.[15] Inoana fa ny vokatry ny LSD dia vokatry ny fiovan'ny rafitra serotonine.[15] Na dia 20 mikrograma monja aza dia efa mety hiteraka vokatra miharihary.[15] Amin'ny endriny madio, ny LSD dia mazava na fotsy ny lokony, tsy misy fofona, ary kristaly.[11] Simba izy io rehefa tratran'ny taratra ultraviolet.[15]

Manodidina ny 10 isan-jaton'ny olona any Etazonia no efa nampiasa LSD tamin'ny fotoana iray teo amin'ny fiainany tamin'ny taona 2017, raha 0.7 isan-jato kosa no efa nampiasa izany tamin'ny taon-dasa.[16] Nalaza indrindra izy io tamin'ny taona 1960 ka hatramin'ny taona 1980.[15] Nitombo 56% ny fampiasana LSD teo amin'ireo olon-dehibe amerikana nanomboka tamin'ny taona 2015 ka hatramin'ny taona 2018.[17] Matetika ny LSD dia atelina na tazonina eo ambanin'ny lela.[11] Matetika izy io no amidy amin'ny taratasy famafana ary tsy dia matetika toy ny takelaka na efamira gelatin.[15] Tsy misy fitsaboana fantatra amin'ny fiankinan-doha amin'ny LSD, na dia eo am-pikarohana aza ny fitsaboana amin'ny fitondran-tena.[13]

Ny LSD dia novokarin'i Albert Hofmann voalohany tamin'ny 1938 avy amin'ny asidra lysergic, akora simika avy amin'ny holatra ergot.[15][13] Nahita ny toetrany mahatonga ny hallucinogen i Hofmann tamin'ny 1943.[18] Tamin'ny taona 1950, nino ny Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) fa mety ilaina amin'ny fanaraha-maso ny saina ny zava-mahadomelina, ka notsapain'izy ireo tamin'ny olona izany, ny sasany tsy fantany akory, tao anatin'ny fandaharan'asa antsoina hoe MKUltra.[19] Namidy ho fanafody ho an'ny fikarohana ny LSD tamin'ny anarana ara-barotra Delysid tamin'ny taona 1950 sy 1960.[15][20] Voatanisa ho akora voafehy ao amin'ny fandaharam-potoana 1 avy amin'ny Firenena Mikambana tamin'ny 1971 izy io.[15] Tsy misy fahazoan-dalana hampiasa azy amin'ny fitsaboana amin'izao fotoana izao.[15] Tany Eoropa, tamin'ny taona 2011, ny vidin'ny fatra iray dia teo anelanelan'ny Endrika:€ 4.50 sy Endrika:€ 25.[15]

References

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  1. ↑ Endrika:Cite dictionary
  2. ↑ "American Heritage Dictionary Entry: amide". Ahdictionary.com. Archived from the original on Aprily 2, 2015. Retrieved Janoary 31, 2015. Endrika:Webarchive
  3. ↑ "amide – definition of amide in English from the Oxford Dictionary". Oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on Aprily 2, 2015. Retrieved Janoary 31, 2015. Endrika:Webarchive
  4. ↑ (June 7, 2014) “Hallucinogen Abuse and Dependence”, Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology A Springer Live Reference. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-27772-6_43-2, 1–5. “Hallucinogen abuse and dependence are known complications resulting from ... LSD and psilocybin. Users do not experience withdrawal symptoms, but the general criteria for substance abuse and dependence otherwise apply. Dependence is estimated in approximately 2 % of recent-onset users”
  5. ↑ (2009) “Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders”, Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience, 2nd, New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 375. “Several other classes of drugs are categorized as drugs of abuse but rarely produce compulsive use. These include psychedelic agents, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)”
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 "Pharmacokinetics and Concentration-Effect Relationship of Oral LSD in Humans". The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 19 (1): pyv072. June 2015. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv072. PMC 4772267. PMID 26108222. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4772267.
  7. 1 2 "The pharmacology of lysergic acid diethylamide: a review". CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics 14 (4): 295–314. 2008. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x. PMC 6494066. PMID 19040555. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6494066.
  8. ↑ (2008) Adolescent Health Care: A Practical Guide (in en). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 931.
  9. 1 2 "From Psychiatry to Flower Power and Back Again: The Amazing Story of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide". Assay and Drug Development Technologies 14 (5): 276–281. July 2016. doi:10.1089/adt.2016.747. PMID 27392130.
  10. ↑ (2 April 2007) Clinical Manual of Addiction Psychopharmacology (in en). American Psychiatric Pub, 216.
  11. 1 2 3 "What are hallucinogens?". National Institute of Drug Abuse. Janoary 2016. Archived from the original on Aprily 17, 2016. Retrieved Aprily 24, 2016.
  12. ↑ "The mechanistic classification of addictive drugs". PLOS Medicine 3 (11): e437. November 2006. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030437. PMC 1635740. PMID 17105338. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1635740.
  13. 1 2 3 "Commonly Abused Drugs Charts". National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2 July 2018. Archived from the original on March 1, 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  14. ↑ (2018) A Review of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) and an Exploratory Study of Subjects Claiming Symptoms of HPPD.. DOI:10.1007/7854_2016_457, 333–360.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "LSD profile (chemistry, effects, other names, synthesis, mode of use, pharmacology, medical use, control status)". EMCDDA (in Anglisy). Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  16. ↑ Abuse, National Institute on Drug. "Hallucinogens". Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  17. ↑ Yockey, R. Andrew; Vidourek, Rebecca A.; King, Keith A. (2020-07-01). "Trends in LSD use among US adults: 2015–2018" (in en). Drug and Alcohol Dependence 212: 108071. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108071. ISSN 0376-8716. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871620302362. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
  18. ↑ "Hallucinogenic effects of LSD discovered". The History Channel. Archived from the original on Martsa 11, 2014.
  19. ↑ Nofil, Brianna. "The CIA's Appalling Human Experiments With Mind Control". History Channel (in Anglisy). Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  20. ↑ "LSD: cultural revolution and medical advances". Royal Society of Chemistry. Archived from the original on Septambra 30, 2007. Retrieved Septambra 27, 2007.
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