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Aretin'ny tsy fahampian'ny fifantohana sy ny fihetsehana tafahoatra

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Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder
Anarana hafa: Attention-deficit disorder, hyperkinetic disorder (ICD-10)
An image of children
People with ADHD may find it more difficult than others to focus on and complete tasks such as schoolwork.
Manam-pahaizana manokana momba nyPsychiatry, pediatrics
Soritr'aretinaDifficulty paying attention, excessive activity, difficulty controlling behavior[1][2]
Fanombohana mahazatraBefore age 6–12[3]
Faharetana>6 months[3]
AntonyBoth genetic and environmental factors[4][5]
DiagnostikaBased on symptoms after other possible causes ruled out[1]
Diagnostika samihafaNormally active young child, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, learning disorder, bipolar disorder, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder[6][7]
FitsaboanaCounseling, lifestyle changes, medications[1]
FanafodyStimulants, atomoxetine, guanfacine, clonidine[8][9]
Hatetika51.1 million (2015)[10]

Ny ADHD ( Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ) dia aretina ara-tsaina amin'ny karazana fivoaran'ny atidoha.[11][12] Miavaka amin'ny fahasarotana amin'ny fifantohana, ny fanaovana zavatra tafahoatra, ary ny fihetsika tsy miraharaha ny vokany, izay tsy mety amin'ny taonan'ny olona iray raha tsy izany.[1][2] Misy olona sasany manana ADHD koa mampiseho fahasarotana amin'ny fandrindrana ny fihetseham-po na olana amin'ny fiasan'ny mpanatanteraka.[13][14][15][2] Mba hahafantarana ny aretina, dia tokony hiseho alohan'ny faha-roa ambin'ny folo taonany ny soritr'aretina, tokony ho hita mihoatra ny enim-bolana, ary mety hiteraka olana amin'ny toerana roa farafahakeliny (toy ny any an-tsekoly, any an-trano, na any amin'ny fialam-boly).[3][16] Ho an'ny ankizy, ny olana amin'ny fifantohana dia mety hiteraka vokatra ratsy any an-tsekoly.[1] Ankoatra izany, misy fifandraisana amin'ny aretina ara-tsaina hafa sy ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina.[17] Na dia miteraka fahasimbana aza izany, indrindra amin'ny fiaraha-monina maoderina, dia maro ny olona voan'ny ADHD no afaka mifantoka tsara amin'ny asa izay hitany fa mahaliana na mahafa-po (fantatra amin'ny hoe hyperfocus ).[5][18]

Na dia io aza no aretina ara-tsaina matetika ianarana sy voamarina indrindra amin'ny ankizy sy ny zatovo, dia tsy fantatra mazava ny antony marina amin'ny ankamaroan'ny tranga.[4] Tombanana ho eo amin'ny 75% eo ho eo amin'ny risika ny anton-javatra ara-pandovan-toetra.[19] Mety hampidi-doza ho an'ny tontolo iainana ny fiparitahan'ny nikôtinina mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka.[20] Toa tsy misy ifandraisany amin'ny fomba fitaizana na ny fitsipi-pifehezana izany.[21] Mahatratra 5–7% eo ho eo amin'ny ankizy no voan'izany rehefa voamarina araka ny fepetra DSM-IV [2][22] ary 1–2% rehefa voamarina araka ny fepetra ICD-10.[23] Tamin'ny taona 2015, tombanana ho olona 51.1 tapitrisa eo ho eo no voakasik'izany maneran-tany.[10] Mitovy ny tahan'ny aretina eo amin'ny firenena tsirairay ary miankina betsaka amin'ny fomba famaritana azy.[24] Matetika avo roa heny eo ho eo ny trangan'ny ADHD amin'ny ankizilahy noho ny amin'ny ankizivavy,[2] na dia matetika aza tsy raharahiana amin'ny ankizivavy ity aretina ity satria tsy mitovy amin'ny an'ny ankizilahy ny soritr'aretiny.[25][26][27] Manodidina ny 30–50%-n'ny olona voamarina fa voan'ny aretina tamin'ny fahazazany no mbola manana soritr'aretina hatrany amin'ny fahamatorana ary eo anelanelan'ny 2–5%-n'ny olon-dehibe no voan'io aretina io.[28][29][30] Mety hitranga amin'ny olon-dehibe ny tsy fahazoana aina anatiny fa tsy ny fihetsehana tafahoatra.[31] Matetika izy ireo dia mampivelatra fahaiza-miatrika izay manonitra ny sasany na ny fahasembanana rehetra ananany.[32] Mety ho sarotra ny manavaka ity aretina ity amin'ny aretina hafa, ary koa ny manavaka azy amin'ny asa be loatra izay mbola ao anatin'ny fitondran-tena mahazatra.[16]

Miovaova arakaraka ny firenena ny tolo-kevitra momba ny fitantanana ny ADHD ary mazàna dia misy fitambaran'ny torohevitra, fanovana fomba fiaina ary fanafody.[1] Ny torolàlana Britanika dia manoro hevitra ny fampiasana fanafody ho fitsaboana voalohany ho an'ny ankizy manana soritr'aretina mafy ary tokony hodinihina ny fampiasana fanafody ho an'ireo manana soritr'aretina antonony izay mandà na tsy mihatsara amin'ny alalan'ny torohevitra, na dia fitsaboana voalohany aza ho an'ny olon-dehibe ny fanafody.[33] Manoro hevitra ny fitantanana ny fitondran-tena amin'ny voalohany amin'ny ankizy mbola tsy mianatra mialoha ny torolàlana Kanadiana sy Amerikana, raha toa ka soso-kevitra ny fampiasana fanafody sy fitsaboana fitondran-tena miaraka aorian'izay.[34][35][36] Ny fitsaboana amin'ny stimulants dia mandaitra mandritra ny 14 andro farafahakeliny volana; na izany aza, tsy mazava ny fahombiazany maharitra ary mety hisy voka-dratsy.[37][38][39][40][41][42][43]

Ny literatiora ara-pitsaboana dia efa nilazalaza soritr'aretina mitovy amin'ny an'ny ADHD hatramin'ny taonjato faha-18.[44] Ny ADHD, ny famaritana azy, ary ny fitsaboana azy dia noheverina ho iadian-kevitra hatramin'ny taona 1970.[45] Nahitana mpitsabo, mpampianatra, mpanao politika, ray aman-dreny ary ny media ireo adihevitra ireo. Anisan'ny lohahevitra hodinihina ny antony mahatonga ny ADHD sy ny fampiasana fanafody mampientanentana amin'ny fitsaboana azy.[46] Ny ankamaroan'ny mpitsabo dia manaiky ny ADHD ho aretina tena izy amin'ny ankizy sy ny olon-dehibe, ary ny adihevitra eo amin'ny vondrom-piarahamonina siantifika dia mifantoka indrindra amin'ny fomba fitiliana sy fitsaboana azy.[47][48][49] Fantatra tamin'ny anarana hoe fikorontanan'ny tsy fahampian'ny fifantohana ( ADD ) io aretina io nanomboka tamin'ny 1980 ka hatramin'ny 1987, raha fantatra kosa tamin'ny anarana hoe fihetsiky ny fahazazana hyperkinetic talohan'izay.[50][51]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". National Institute of Mental Health. March 2016. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th, Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, 59–65.
  3. 1 2 3 "Symptoms and Diagnosis". Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Division of Human Development, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 29 September 2014. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  4. 1 2 NIMH (2013). "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Easy-to-Read)". National Institute of Mental Health. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  5. 1 2 "Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD". European Psychiatry 56: 14–34. February 2019. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001. PMID 30453134.
  6. ↑ Ferri, Fred F. (2010). Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders, 2nd, Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby, Chapter A.
  7. ↑ Zubler, MD, FAAP, Jennifer; Weitzman, MD, FAAP, Carol; Sloane, DO, Mark; Singh, MPA, Natasha; Senturias, MD, FAAP, Yasmin N.; Kosofsky, MD, PhD, Barry; Kable, PhD, Julie; Fernandez-Baca, MA, Daniel et al. (2016). "Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure". Pediatrics (American Journal of Pediatrics) 138 (4): e20151553. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-1553. PMC 5477054. PMID 27677572. https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/138/4/e20151553.full.pdf. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  8. ↑ "Systematic review of quality of life and functional outcomes in randomized placebo-controlled studies of medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 26 (11): 1283–1307. November 2017. doi:10.1007/s00787-017-0986-y. PMC 5656703. PMID 28429134. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5656703.
  9. ↑ "Current and Investigational Medication Delivery Systems for Treating Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder". The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders 18 (4). August 2016. doi:10.4088/PCC.16r01979. PMID 27828696.
  10. 1 2 GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5055577.
  11. ↑ "Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Neuroscience Bulletin 29 (1): 103–10. February 2013. doi:10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6. PMC 4440572. PMID 23299717. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4440572.
  12. ↑ (2010) Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology. Springer Science & Business Media, 133.
  13. ↑ "Practitioner Review: Emotional dysregulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - implications for clinical recognition and intervention". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 60 (2): 133–150. February 2019. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12899. PMID 29624671. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8917161f5885c81c9d4790f6ac76162fc07e0ad7. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  14. ↑ "Response Inhibition, Response Execution, and Emotion Regulation among Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder". Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 47 (4): 589–603. April 2019. doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0466-y. PMC 6377355. PMID 30112596. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6377355.
  15. ↑ "Pharmacotherapy of emotional dysregulation in adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 84: 359–367. January 2018. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.010. PMID 28837827. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/414373/1/MAIN_TEXT_R1_CLEANED_FINAL.doc. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  16. 1 2 Dulcan, Mina K. (2011). “Axis I Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence: Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders”, [[[:Endrika:Google books]] Concise Guide to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry], 4th illustrated, American Psychiatric Publishing, 34.
  17. ↑ "Long-Term Outcomes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 55 (10): 841–50. October 2016. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.06.016. PMID 27663939.
  18. ↑ "[The school child with ADHD"] (in DE). Therapeutische Umschau 69 (8): 467–73. August 2012. doi:10.1024/0040-5930/a000316. PMID 22851461. https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/74507/1/Schulkind_mit_ADHS_Final_Manuskript.pdf. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  19. ↑ Demontis, Ditte (2019). "Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Nature Genetics 51 (1): 63–75. doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0269-7. PMC 6481311. PMID 30478444. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-018-0269-7.epdf?no_publisher_access=1&r3_referer=nature. Retrieved 27 August 2019. "Consensus estimates from more than 30 twin studies indicate that the heritability of ADHD is 70–80% throughout the lifespan and that environmental risks are those not shared by siblings. Twin studies also suggest that diagnosed ADHD represents the extreme tail of one or more heritable quantitative traits."
  20. ↑ Tiesler, Carla M. T.; Heinrich, Joachim (21 September 2014). "Prenatal nicotine exposure and child behavioural problems". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 23 (10): 913–929. doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0615-y. PMC 4186967. PMID 25241028. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4186967.
  21. ↑ "Does Bad Parenting Cause ADHD?". WebMD. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  22. ↑ "The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review". Neurotherapeutics 9 (3): 490–9. July 2012. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0135-8. PMC 3441936. PMID 22976615. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3441936.
  23. ↑ Cowen, Philip (2012). “Drugs and other physical treatments”, [[[:Endrika:Google books]] Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry], 6th, Oxford University Press, [[[:Endrika:Google books]] 546].
  24. ↑ (2011) “Ch. 25: Epidemiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder”, Textbook of Psychiatric Epidemiology, 3rd, John Wiley & Sons, 450.
  25. ↑ Crawford, Nicole (February 2003). "ADHD: a women's issue". Monitor on Psychology 34 (2): 28. http://www.apa.org/monitor/feb03/adhd.aspx.
  26. ↑ "[Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]" (in FR). L'Encephale 35 (2): 107–14. April 2009. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2008.01.005. PMID 19393378.
  27. ↑ "Beyond polemics: science and ethics of ADHD". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 9 (12): 957–64. December 2008. doi:10.1038/nrn2514. PMID 19020513.
  28. ↑ "European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD". BMC Psychiatry 10: 67. September 2010. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-10-67. PMC 2942810. PMID 20815868. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2942810.
  29. ↑ "[Neuropsychological impairments in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a literature review]" (in Hungarian). Psychiatria Hungarica 23 (5): 324–35. 2008. PMID 19129549.
  30. ↑ "Underdiagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients: a review of the literature". The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders 16 (3). 2014. doi:10.4088/PCC.13r01600. PMC 4195639. PMID 25317367. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4195639. "Reports indicate that ADHD affects 2.5%–5% of adults in the general population,5–8 compared with 5%–7% of children.9,10 ... However, fewer than 20% of adults with ADHD are currently diagnosed and/or treated by psychiatrists.7,15,16"
  31. ↑ National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK) (2009). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder : diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people, and adults, National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (Great Britain), National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Great Britain), British Psychological Society., Royal College of Psychiatrists., Leicester: British Psychological Society.
  32. ↑ "Adult ADHD: Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Medication Management". Psychiatry 3 (8): 25–30. August 2006. PMC 2957278. PMID 20963192. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2957278. "likelihood that the adult with ADHD has developed coping mechanisms to compensate for his or her impairment"
  33. ↑ National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2009). “Pharmacological Treatment”, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults. Leicester: British Psychological Society, 303–307.
  34. ↑ "Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines" (PDF). Canadian ADHD Alliance. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  35. ↑ "Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Recommendations". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 24 June 2015. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  36. ↑ Wolraich, ML; Hagan JF, Jr; Allan, C; Chan, E; Davison, D; Earls, M; Evans, SW; Flinn, SK et al. (October 2019). "Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents.". Pediatrics 144 (4): e20192528. doi:10.1542/peds.2019-2528. PMC 7067282. PMID 31570648. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7067282.
  37. ↑ "Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents - assessment of adverse events in non-randomised studies". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5: CD012069. May 2018. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012069.pub2. PMC 6494554. PMID 29744873. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6494554.
  38. ↑ "NIMH » The Multimodal Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Study (MTA):Questions and Answers". NIMH » Home. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 2019-01-01. Why were the MTA medication treatments more effective than community treatments that also usually included medication? Answer: There were substantial differences in quality and intensity between the study-provided medication treatments and those provided in the community care group.
  39. ↑ National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2009). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults. Leicester: British Psychological Society.
  40. ↑ "Long-term outcomes with medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: current status of knowledge". CNS Drugs 25 (7): 539–54. July 2011. doi:10.2165/11589380-000000000-00000. PMID 21699268.
  41. ↑ "Effect of treatment modality on long-term outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review". PLOS ONE 10 (2): e0116407. February 2015. Bibcode 2015PLoSO..1016407A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116407. PMC 4340791. PMID 25714373. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4340791.
  42. ↑ "The long-term outcomes of interventions for the management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials". Psychology Research and Behavior Management 6: 87–99. September 2013. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S49114. PMC 3785407. PMID 24082796. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3785407. "Results suggest there is moderate-to-high-level evidence that combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions, and pharmacological interventions alone can be effective in managing the core ADHD symptoms and academic performance at 14 months. However, the effect size may decrease beyond this period. ... Only one paper examining outcomes beyond 36 months met the review criteria. ... There is high level evidence suggesting that pharmacological treatment can have a major beneficial effect on the core symptoms of ADHD (hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity) in approximately 80% of cases compared with placebo controls, in the short term.22"
  43. ↑ "Efficacy and safety limitations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy in children and adults". CNS Drugs 23 Suppl 1: 21–31. 2009. doi:10.2165/00023210-200923000-00004. PMID 19621975.
  44. ↑ "The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders 2 (4): 241–55. December 2010. doi:10.1007/s12402-010-0045-8. PMC 3000907. PMID 21258430. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3000907.
  45. ↑ (2008) Encyclopedia of Social Problems. SAGE, 63.
  46. ↑ "ADHD and the rise in stimulant use among children". Harvard Review of Psychiatry 16 (3): 151–66. 2008. doi:10.1080/10673220802167782. PMID 18569037.
  47. ↑ "When the child with ADHD grows up". Australian Family Physician 33 (8): 615–8. August 2004. PMID 15373378. http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200408/20040803sim.pdf.
  48. ↑ (2004) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 3rd, American Psychiatric Publishing, 4–7.
  49. ↑ "Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: complexities and controversies". Current Opinion in Pediatrics 18 (2): 189–95. April 2006. doi:10.1097/01.mop.0000193302.70882.70. PMID 16601502.
  50. ↑ Weiss, Lawrence G. (2005). WISC-IV clinical use and interpretation scientist-practitioner perspectives, 1st, Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press, 237.
  51. ↑ "ADHD: The Diagnostic Criteria". PBS. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/medicating/adhd/diagnostic.html.
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